Subverting the Conventional: Combining Genre in Kellys Donnie Darko Es

Subverting the Conventional Combining Genre in Kellys Donnie Darko While planning an evening at the cinema, individuals do not wrangle the specific guidelines of genre bit deciding the film of choice. A reason for seeing a Western is never because the genre has evolved from primarily racist films involving cowboys and Indians to movies that retaliate Indians and work toward demythologizing the old West. Similarly, broad generalizations of genre are constantly used to categorize film. Courtship-Romance Musicals or Rock Operas are often shuffled into the generic class of Musical, while the 1930s films of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, examples of Courtship-Romance Musicals, are in contrast to such films as Tommy or Jesus Christ Superstar, models of Rock Operas. Genre is the most important asshole in deciding taste in film, yet most people never get past discussing whether to watch a Comedy or Drama. possibly this tendency is due to mainstream films, which rarely challenge au diences to make decisions virtually complex genres, as formula films have become an accepted form of entertainment. Cinema must look to Independent film then to help create new forms, specifically in genre. Donnie Darko, an Independent film directed by Richard Kelly, successfully poses questions nearly hybrid films and complex genres. Donnie Darko transcends the typical conventions of genre to redefine cinema and set a new precedence for independent filmmakers interested in breaking the rules of tradition. originally exploring the subversion of genre in Donnie Darko, a look at genre theories is necessary. The regulations of genre have changed throughout the history of film and theorists constantly have differing ideas about the new contortions genre for... ...lins, Jim. Television and Postmodernism. Channels of Discourse, Reassembled. The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill, 1992. Internet Movie Database. www.imdb.com. 1993. Kelly, Richard. Donnie Darko. Da rko Productions, Inc, June 8, 2000. Klages, Mary. Postmodernism. http//www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012Klages/pomo.html). April 21, 2003. Lopez, Daniel. carrys by Genre. McFarland & Company, Inc. Jefferson, NC, 1993. Schatz, Thomas. Film Genre and the Genre Film. Film Theory and Criticism Introductory Readings. Oxford University Press New York, 1998. Schiff, Stephen. Introduction The Repeatable Experience. They Went Thataway Redefining Film Genres. Mercury House San Francisco, 1994. Vogler, Christopher. The Writers Journey Mythic building for Storytellers and Screenwriters. London Boxtree, 1996.

Computational Linguistics :: Essays Papers

Computational Linguistics Computational linguals is a discipline between linguistics and computer science which is concerned with the computational aspects of the human language. This argona of computer science overlaps with the field of Artificial Intelligence. Basic anyy, computational linguistics is a series of programs that interprets human speech into words and actions. on that point are a couple of different areas of computational linguistics and those areas are theoretical computational linguistics and applied computational linguistics. Each one of those areas are divided up into more areas. Theoretical computational linguistics is composed of theoretical linguistics and cognitive science. This actuateicular area deals with formal theories about the linguistic knowledge that a human needs for generating and understanding language. This area has advanced so much, and has become so complex that it can only be managed by using computers. With these computers computational linguists develop formal models simulating aspects of the human language and then incorporates that into programs. These programs that they write constitute the basis for the evaluation and further development of their theories. Along with these theories thither is another part that plays a big role in theoretical computational linguistics and that part is cognitive sciences. What I mean by that is that part of these programs interprets what is being said and then it matches it up to what is in its programming. The other part of computational linguistics is called applied computational linguistics which focuses on the practical resultant of modeling human language use. The methods, techniques, tools, and applications in this area are often subsumed under the term language engineering or (human language technology. The current computational linguistic systems are far from achieving human ability of communicating they have numerous applications . The goal for this is to eventually have a computer program that impart have the same communication skills as a human being. Once this is achieved it will open doors never thought possible in computing. After all the major problem today with computing is communication with the computer. Todays computers dont really understand our language and it is very difficult to submit computer language, plus computer language doesnt correspond to the structure of human thought.

Free Essays - Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange :: Clockwork Orange Essays

Banned for social reasons in many conditions and in many school systems, Anthony Burgesss A Clockwork Orange  first seems to pierce the mind with its bizarre linguistic orgy of debauchery, brutality, and sex, and for some, refuses to affect them above the level of pure voyeurism and bloodlust (either for reveling in it or despise it).  Sadism seems to twist the male protagonist his mind becomes alive with brutal fantasies whilst listening to seemingly innocuous classical music ( There were vecks and ptitsas, both young and starry, double-dealing on the ground screaming for mercy, and I was smecking all over my rot and grinding my boot in their litsos.).  Many arguments have been made about the censoring of this novella which glorifies sex and violence however, these elements are clearly manipulated for plot development and grammatical case development, and ultimately, the story does pose a moral lesson.  By psychological definition, muckle affected with anti-soci al disorder (also known as sociopaths or psychopaths) have incredible manipulation skills they also fail to conform to social norms, are deceitful and aggressive, and assay to destroy with little remorse.  Sex, cruelty, and dominance define parts of anti-social behavior, and the odd near-antithesis of a hero, Alex, exists as the beloved psychopath in this cult story.  He vigorously goes on nightly rampages with his band of droogs after consuming spiked moloko, tearing down what society has morally built and ripping holes into the reasoning of random citizens. Here, Burgess utilizes a unique method of writing by making the readers realize their affection for this teenage criminal, even in the midst of his violent perversions.  As stated in many other summaries and analogies of the book, the ethics derived from the book revolve around the topic of choice.  Is a person truly moral if their benevolence comes from forced conditioning as opposed to their personal choice f or compassion?  Does programmed decency towards people ultimately possess superiority over a natural psychosis?  It can be argued that programmed decency protects the happiness of the important population, but natural psychosis comes from the choice of the individual, and protects their happiness (if the psychosis served as a source of joy for the individual to begin with, not insanity that brings about manic-depression and whatnot).  Building the character of Alex to fully express the story and the questions the book will eventually pose doubtlessly requires the use of savage raping, theft, and the vicious, bloody beatings administered to many common people these portions of A

African Creation Stories :: African Culture Creation Tales Essays

African Creation StoriesSince the beginning of humankind, there has been one common thread that ties together all cultures and religions of the world an attempt to explain their origins. this holds true for the numerous religious groups existing on the African continent. In the absence of science, they resorted to creating stories to account for what they did not and could not understand. While similar in their basic design and theory, these stories varies greatly in their content and meaning. By studying them, much can be learned about the African people of the present and past. The Shilluks of the Nile region, for example, tell a yarn in which humankind is fashioned out of clay. In each region of the world in which the creator traveled, he created humans from the materials available, making some white, others sanguine or brown, and the Shilluk black. He then took a piece of earth and gave them arms, eyes, etc. This story says much about their values and culture. In distributing the characteristics to man, he chose first to sacrifice them the ability to do work through the use of their arms and legs. They were then given the ability to see and taste their food. Finally, they were given speech and hearing with which to repute oneself (An African Story). This shows the value system at work among the Shilluk, that work comes above all else. It also attempts to explain the differences between manpower of assorted races by telling of how they came about. A West African creation tale explains how two spirit people were accidentally sent down to earth by the riffle god. Lonely, the people decided to create children from clay, but feel they must hide them when the sky god comes down. Because they are hidden in fire, the children soon turn to various shades based on how long they had been exposed to the heat. Over time, these clay children grow up and move to various regions of the earth, ultimately populating it (Fader). Much like that of the Shillu k people, this story serves a two-fold purpose it explains both the creation of man as well as accounts for the differences among him. This tale shows the West Africans value these differences because they feel that all men are created equal and should be treated as such. The Boshongo, a central Bantu tribe of the Lunda Cluster, tell a different story.

Movie: The Caine Mutiny - Evaluating The Performance Of A Government :: essays research papers

Movie The Caine Mutiny - Evaluating the Performance of a Government     Governments atomic number 18 an essential and important part to our everyday life,and without, there would be no control or leadership. Governments aresanctioned to constitute and systemize the interrelationships of the people withtheir divisional bounds, the relations of the people of the community as a whole,and the arrangements of the community with other political entities. In themovie, "The Caine Mutiny", a form of government plays an important theatrical role toeverybody aboard the ship. There were certain hardships with the configurationof the government, and in this case, the government was the master key. Althoughthe captain didnt go directly against the Naval Regulations, the crew thoughtthat he was incapable of retention this position as captain. With all of thishappening, it was hard for the sailors aboard the ship to appreciate the form ofgovernment and their leader.& nbsp    The constitution for many another(prenominal) countries, hold the rules (may be written, or non written) to which a government must obey. In this scenario, the NavalRegulations were intended to be followed upon and consented to. If a governmentis fulfilling its basic functions, then it is properly following theconstitution, but if it isnt result the constitution, then the fundamentalpurposes arent being achieved. Within the constitution, there is power grantedto impeach the leader if he/she is not implementing their primary services. Inthe movie, we see captain Queeg as one who is incompetent of achieving his jobas the leader. Captain Queeg can be easily compared with Charles IIIking ofEngland during the Revolutionary War. He was old, and powerful, and withauthority, but in addition wrong. Captains new position angered many sailors aboardthe old battle ship with his strict and reserved mannerisms, and the way hehandled many situations gave the sailors fair yard to be easily infuriated.Overall Queeg portrayed a very futile leader as head of the government on theship.     There are many possible risks that one can come upon if they decide tochange governments. There is always the risk of a failed government which couldbe at the worst injustice to anyone and everyone. Once a government fails,it can easily be trampled over and picked upon by another country. The powercan be lost by everyone in their country and can be difficult to gain back. Thechange in governments can also effect the people of the country, because it willmost likely be at a disadvantage to some people because not everyone is easilysatisfied. The support of people in a country can readily be lost and gone

Movie: The Caine Mutiny - Evaluating The Performance Of A Government :: essays research papers

Movie The Caine Mutiny - Evaluating the Performance of a Government     Governments are an essential and important part to our e rattlingday life,and without, there would be no control or leader enthrall. Governments aresanctioned to constitute and systemize the interrelationships of the people withtheir divisional bounds, the relations of the people of the community of interests as a whole,and the arrangements of the community with other political entities. In themovie, "The Caine Mutiny", a form of government activity plays an important role toeverybody aboard the ship. There were certain hardships with the configurationof the government, and in this case, the government was the captain. Althoughthe captain didnt go directly against the Naval Regulations, the crew thoughtthat he was incapable of h old(a)ing this position as captain. With all of thishappening, it was hard for the sailors aboard the ship to appreciate the form ofgovernment and their lead er.     The constitution for many countries, hold the rules (may be written, or non written) to which a government must obey. In this scenario, the NavalRegulations were mean to be followed upon and consented to. If a governmentis fulfilling its basic functions, then it is properly following theconstitution, but if it isnt ensuing the constitution, then the fundamentalpurposes arent being achieved. Within the constitution, there is major power grantedto impeach the leader if he/she is not implementing their primary services. Inthe movie, we see captain Queeg as one who is incompetent of achieving his jobas the leader. maitre dhotel Queeg can be easily compared with Charles IIIking ofEngland during the Revolutionary War. He was old, and powerful, and withauthority, but also wrong. Captains new position angered many sailors aboardthe old battle ship with his strict and reserved mannerisms, and the way hehandled many situations gave the sailors fair reason to be e asily infuriated.Overall Queeg portrayed a very futile leader as head of the government on theship.     There are many possible risks that one can come upon if they decide to reassign governments. There is always the risk of a failed government which couldbe at the worst disadvantage to anyone and everyone. Once a government fails,it can easily be trampled over and picked upon by another country. The powercan be lost by everyone in their country and can be difficult to gain back. The motley in governments can also effect the people of the country, because it willmost likely be at a disadvantage to some people because not everyone is easilysatisfied. The support of people in a country can readily be lost and gone

First Amendment Issues: Prayer In Public School Essay

Inclusion of entreaty in modern American school schedule has been a controversial and passing debated issue during last several decades. When tragedy of the Columbine High School in 1999 occurred, in which twelve students and one t wholly(prenominal)er died, the issue of moral preparation and role of religion in the life of public education has been brought to an entirely different level. Right after the tragedy, The Wall Street Journals column page was alive with debate over an denomination written by syndicated columnist, Peggy Noonan.Writing about the culture of death of which the two shooters, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, were a product, she observes A universe cal direct into a Christian radio station this morning and said a true thing. He said, and I am paraphrasing those kids were sick, and if a teacher had talked to them and said, listen, in that respects a way out, there corporeally is love out there that will never stop loving you, theres a real God out there and I want to be able to talk to you about himif that teacher had intervened in that way, he would have been hauled into judicature (Noonan, A19).Peggy Noonan concur with the mans observation and went on to write It occurs to me at the moment that a gun and a Bible have a few things in common. Both are small, black, have an immediate heft and are dangerousthe first to life, and the second to the culture of death (Noonan, A19). The next day Peggy Noonans article was published , a reader by the name of Bill Bailey responded to Ms. Noonans editorial. In his letter to the editor, he commented I send my children to public school to distinguish reading, writing, and arithmetic.I do non send them to school to be lectured on the virtues of believing in a personal God. Teachers have no line of work lecturing my children on the virtues of religion (Bailey, A19). One can conclude that prayer in school represent an important and pressing problem for contemporary America, not only from socio-cu ltural and public perspective but also from legal one. CASE ANALYSIS Case scenario 3 relates to the legal problems emerging from the maiden Amendment to the United States Constitution. tally to it, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the office of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances (First Amendment). In this way, every establishment or preference by the Congress or any other state authority of a national, state or local religion over another is prohibited. Same legal principle applies to the preference or establishment of non-religion over religion. consort to the case scenario, Johnny, who is an atheist, objects the morning prayer held in the public high school he is attending as wellspring as a prayer at his graduation. Assuming the dispute reaches the US Supreme judicature, the decision will b e make in the favor of Johnny and his parents on the both issues of dispute morning prayer and prayer at graduation. The detailed analysis is provided below and is based on the First Amendment to the US Constitution, as well as US Supreme butterfly cases, particularly, Engel v. Vitale, Abington Township School regularise v. Schempp, Wallace v. JaffreeDuring Engel v. Vitale hearings, in a six to one vote, with two Justices removing themselves from the case, the Court declared the Regents prayer unconstitutional for violating the First Amendments establishment clause, because that prayer was composed by governmental officials as a part of governmental program to further unearthly beliefs (Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421, 1962). Hugo Black delivered the majority opinion, which expressly rejected the districts claims that that it met constitutional standards because the prayer was denominationally neutral and had a clear opt-out policy for students.According to Black, the establishment clause is violated by the enactment of laws which establish an official religion whether those laws operate directly to coerce nonobserving individuals or not (Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421, 1962). From this perspective, judgments that led to decisions made in Engel v. Vitale can be applied to the dispute between Johnny and his parents and guide tree stump High School, both regarding morning school prayer and prayer at graduation.By this system of logic, within the schoolhouse, school officials must protect the balance of freedom that the First Amendment allows concerning religious expression. They must protect the freedom of each student who wishes to speak out about matters of religion and protect those who prefer to say nothing at all about religion. Schools must not grass religious activities or express any opinion for or against a student who personally expresses a religious belief. Issues and the US Supreme Court logic emerged from Abington Township School District v. Schem pp case also serve in favor of Johnny and his parents.The Schempps abbreviated explained the opt-out policy gave the child a vexed choice between an impulse to obey the parents wishes and the pressure to conform to his group. If the child yields to this pressure, the result is disobedience, a loss of respect for the parent and interference with the parents right to control in matters of religion. On the other hand, if the child obeys the parent, he suffers a loss of standing in his group (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963). This statement reflects the situation Johnny found himself moving with his family to Tree Stump from Providence.Johnny is coming from family advocating atheistic beliefs, and that fact he moved into a very religious community should not violate his rights guaranteed by the US Constitution and make him adapt or loose standing with his group. According to the Abington brief the districts statute requires only that those who wish to d o so may listen to daily readings without discussion or comment from a grand work that possesses many values, including religious, moral, literary and historical (Abington Township School District v.Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963), They warned that a finding against the districts would set a dangerous precedent whereby there could be eliminated from the public life of this nation all those customs and traditions that evidence the religious nature and origin of our country and are now and have considerable been cherished and accepted by a vast majority of the people (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963).The presence of the opt-out policy sufficiently protect individuals religious rights and therefore, they saw no need for the Court to infringe upon Americas religious traditions. The position of Abington School District probably reflects the judgment of Tree Stump High School. However, as with Engel, the Supreme Court rejected the school districts arguments an d by a vote of eight to one struck down all state laws mandating Bible readings.Justice Tom Clark focused on numerous judicial opinions, including Engel, in which the Court held that the government must remain neutral toward religion. Clark argued that not only did the establishment clause require such neutrality, but so too did the free exercise clause, which recognized the right of every person to freely choose his own course with reference thereto, free of any compulsion from the state (Abington Township School District v.Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963). The US Supreme Court judgment in Abington Township School District v. Schempp favors the position of Johnny and his parents. Assuming high school graduation event was held outside the Tree Stump High School boundaries, the graduation prayer issue would not be regulated with rulings made in Abington Township School District v. Schempp and typical cases. The First Amendment protects a students right to express the faith without discrimi nation.It also forbids anyone from having a captive audience or forcing anyone to participate in any part of religious activities. Case Wallace v. Jaffree involved an Alabama state law that directed public schools to provide a moment of silence for meditation or unbidden prayer. A previous Alabama law mandated a moment of silence just for meditation, but in 1981 the legislature expanded the statute to include willing prayer. The Court determined that the clear intent of the law was to promote religion, and thus it must be invalidated.In striking down the Alabama law, the Supreme Court did not say that all moment of silence must be invalidated, but rather, the Court suggested that only those laws that either included clauses about prayers or whose legislative intent clearly called for a promotion of religion would be unconstitutional. According to the US Supreme Court ruling, the States endorsementof prayer activities at the beginning of each schoolday is not consistent with the e stablished principle that the government must pursue a course of complete neutrality toward religion (Wallace v. Jaffree 472 US 38, 1985).By this logic, the Supreme Court decision favors once again Johnny and his parents. At the same time, Johnnys teacher offer to replace a morning school prayer with a moment of silence does not contradict neither the First Amendment to the US Constitution nor the Supreme Court rulings, as long as prayer and religion are not endorsed during it. WORKS CITED The First Amendment to the US Constitution, Available at , Accessed June 16, 2009 Noonan P. The Culture of Death, The Wall Street Journal. 22 April 1999, A19.Bailey B. Dont Blame Shooting on Absent God, The Wall Street Journal. 28 April 1999, A 19 Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421, 1962, Available at http//caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=370&invol=421, Accessed June 16, 2009 Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963, Available at http//caselaw. lp. fi ndlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=374&invol=203, Accessed June 16, 2009 Wallace v. Jaffree 472 US 38, 1985, Available at http//caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=472&invol=38, Accessed June 16, 2009

Puritan vs. Native American Literature

puritan and Native American Literature There are many similarities and differences between Native American and prude lit. These include emotion, style, figurative language, and description. In Native American literature, as well as Puritan literature, they show significant events in their cultures. Both Native American and Puritan literature are similar because both use figurative and descriptive language in their writing, however they are also different. In contrast to, Puritan literature differs from Native American literature.These differences include figurative and descriptive language. Similarly, they write about what is important to them. In Puritan literature, they focus on pitying condition. For example an excerpt from To my Dear and Loving Husband I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold This excerpt shows the importance of her husband to her. On the other hand, Native American literature, is written about nature, animals, and life. For example in excerpt from The land on Turtles Back From those seeds the trees and the grass sprang up. Life on Earth had begun. This symbolizes life on Earth and shows that it all started out with a turtle, the Great Turtle. , which for us is just an animal. They care a lot about animals as a part of their belief system. As for description, Native American literature is more descriptive than Puritan literature. A Native American story called When Grizzlies Walked candid shows many examples of description. For example, The bears were covered with hair and had sharp claws just as they do today, but they walked on two feet and could talk like people. While in Puritan literature, an excerpt from To my Dear and Loving Husband Anne Bradstreet says My love is such that rivers cannot quench. This uses less description than Native American literature. In conclusion, Native American and Puritan literature has many similarities as well as differences. The similarities as shown above where that they both had use of fig urative and descriptive language. However, they do use it different ways, describing different things. In their writing it shows the differences in their cultures and belief system.

Dispute on Employee Motivation

Arnold self-luminous is the Director of Human Resources at Company XYZ, in the same industry as Company ABC. hindquarters Chaplin has recent joined Company XYZ as Human Resources Manager. A recent graduate with a major in Organizational Behavior, he presents newborn ideas to Bright almost everyday. But, Chaplin has a speech disorder. He stammers, and cannot make himself clear at all times. A week back, Bright and Chaplin began to argue about employee motivation. Bright certain Chaplin that their company has the budget to enhance employee motivation with the best motivation sweetener class in the industry.He was referring to the use of Company ABCs motivation sweetener design for its employees. Company ABC happens to be a leader in the industry, after all. Yet, Chaplin asserted that Company XYZ should develop its own employee motivation enhancement program with new research on the needs of employees at Company XYZ in particular. The argument turned into a dispute because Bright refused to agree with Chaplin. The latter was endanger that he would be fired if he fails to follow Brights instructions to instrument Company ABCs program. The ProblemChaplin would lose his suppose if he does not agree to implement Company ABCs program for employee motivation enhancement in Company XYZ. He knows, however, that his boss has an accordant personality. Thus, Chaplin would like to provide further information to Bright. He firmly believes that Bright has to be explained why it is best for Company XYZ to develop its own employee motivation enhancement program based on new research on its employees needs. After all, Chaplin is aware of latest research in the field of Organizational Behavior. Should Company XYZ implement Company ABCs motivation enhancement program?Organizational behavior theories are known to differ as to what motivates employees, but not needfully because the essential characteristics of all employees are varied across organizations and industries. Rath er, the motivational needs of employees differ from organization to organization because get around work situations, ethics and settings, in addendum to their interaction with individual personalities, teams, and managements call for divers(prenominal) employee needs to be prioritized. Employee motivation is simply referred to as an organizational method to satisfy employees in areas where they feel unsatisfied.Whereas inadequate health and safety conditions might be the Number One challenge to encounter in Company ABC, it is possible that the employees of Company XYZ would be more cause by higher salaries. Moreover, the employees of Company XYZ may hold a collective opinion that their working conditions are the best in the industry. Given that job action is a function of ability and motivation, it is appropriate to inquire into the needs of workers in order to employ the correct mix of employee motivation strategies to boost job performance, company-wide (Employee demand).As an example, the employees of the Piketon Research and Extension Center and Enterprise Center were asked about the main motivating factors at their particular workplace. According to research findings, the employees believed themselves to be motivated by the following in the order of importance a) interesting work, (b) good wages, (c) full appreciation of work done, (d) job security, (e) good working conditions, (f) promotions and growth in the organization, (g) opinion of being in on things, (h) personal loyalty to employees, (i) tactful discipline, and (j) sympathetic help with personal problems (Lindner).Contrary to these findings, a peer reviewed study on employee motivation run aground that most employees across various organizations believe the following to be the chief motivators at the workplace enjoyment of the work work/life balance get satisfaction link between pay and performance and adequate staffing levels (Katcher). Thus, it appears essential to increase employee m otivation only after inquiring into the main motivators in a specific organization.Also within a single organization, the blue collar workers are expected to be more motivated by an increase in pay, composition the white collar employees might believe that enjoyment of work is most essential. In this case, the organization would have to divide up its employees in two separate sorts to inquire into the particular motivators for the blue collar workers as opposed to the white collar employees.It is best, therefore, for employee motivation strategies to be based on group by group studies. Chaplin should write a memorandum to Bright with latest research on the subject. It is possible that the latter has misunderstood Chaplin because of his speech disorder. Chaplin knows that Company XYZ has the budget to conduct new research on its employees needs to enhance their motivation.He should also mention in his note to Bright that implementation of Company ABCs employee motivation program ma y possibly waste the resources of Company XYZ. After all, it may very well be that employees at Company ABC have a different set of needs altogether. So, even though Company ABC is a business leader, Company XYZ should refrain from blindly following its programs without a scientific doubt into its own business processes and workplace culture.

Dubai as Rentier State

United Arab Emirates Political Economy The success of the United Arab Emirates come layly from its high tax made from fossil cover exports. This pastoral was a forego region that sullen into an scotch boom in the recent years. According to CNN World News, Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates is the richest city in the world. The Emirates citizens, who sit on one-tenth of the planets crude oil and have almost $1 trillion invested abroad, are worth about $17 million apiece. Because of this factor, the UAE is considered one of the wealthiest countries in the world. However, turmoil struck the country with the recent global recession in 2008 that led to contradictions in their global oil wealth. Now that the country is recovering from this down point, the say infers global oil position will recover in sales on a slow but steady pace. In this research paper, I will process how the United Arab Emirates functions under a rentier thriftiness and the country has not built the political stability they intended which led to challenges faced by the people and government.The rentier amaze of the United Arab Emirates depicts the stability of the political economy from its high oil revenues. A unique characteristic of the prosperity of the country stems from the fact of the discovery of oil. What oil action really means is a natural resource taken from the earth and not an existing good that is produced through sales. What distinguishes a rentier economy from other(a) countries is the oil profits and its high dependence on one necessity for externalers. A rentier is a group or undefiled state that profits on income from retention or investments, and in such a case oil from the UAE.The rentier is not involved with the making of the incentive, but is entitled to a high amount of the money. In his journal, The Rentier State in the Arab World, Beblawi explains what a rentier economy is based upon. He claims, There is no existence of a real rentier state. Every rentier economy is an economic social system with the backings of external rent coming into the monetary funds (Beblawi). This rent is vital to the measurement of success in a rentier economy. This is the key factor in holding the economy together without a domestic sector. Also, a entier economy doesnt have many hands involved with the gen seasontion of the wealth. The creation of such wealth is maintained and kept within a small number of elites. The governance of the country is able to rely on the discovery of oil mines to external profit being it is a main factor in the countys high success rate. Previously, this money would have to come from the population, such as merchants and artisans, but now it can be legitimate precociously from dependent revenue provided by the oil. The settlement between the social group and the workers create a social contract.About seventy to eighty percent of the land to middle class, also known as the dig out force, participates in the production of oil in the United Arab Emirates. Whereas a large percentage is involved in the production, a small fraction of society partakes in the distribution, and benefits of the revenues. According to the Financial Times, Due to the high volume of oil distribution and price increase, the early 1970s began an era of investments in industry, services, public works, and investments in cornerstone.Because of these investments, a high demand for a workforce grew which surpassed the demand of supply (Chazan). This chain reaction led to a foreign workforce that would interfere with the national workforce. It became such a huge development that the foreign workforce evolved into the primary workforce in all sections of the economy. Developing the infrastructure system was one of the main fields where the Emirates sought improvement through other investments. Works such as roads, highways, airports, telecommunication networks, and governmental ministries were built.They revolut ionized the states from a liberal into a highly developed country. The Arab monarchs then invested in another industry so they could ensure a long term source of income in a time where oil prices unendingly changed. The last investment was an investment in social needs and services. These services included health care, educational improvement, and even house facilities. The three areas of investment was designed for one purpose. That purpose is for a smoother more easy form of oil transportation, which would lead to a boom in the economy.The wealthy Arab monarchs spared no expense as they imported laborers from many countries. The countries in which they imported labor were India, Pakistan, Great Britain, Germany, and even the United States of America. Despite the heavy importing of laborers, it was only meant to be temporary, as the Monarchs believed the national population would serve as the workforce and take over where the foreign labor force left off. The Monarchs survey w rong as the national population were not too fond of taking manual labor jobs that were unpleasant or difficult.This created a problem of social structure within the Emirate people of the UAE. The population didnt want to take on these manual jobs after the federation set up a system of other high industry incomes. This led to influx of millions of foreign labors who remained in the country, which the government had no intention for tending to. A short term plan turned into a drawn out problem for the country. The astonishing detail of the United Arab Emirates is that they were able to create an oil revenue that provided the rulers with an upper hand.This country has built an entire welfare state in which it doesnt have to extrapolate tax from its subjects. According to The New York Times, oil colour is the mainstay of the UAE economy and the driving force behind it. If on that point were to be a negative development in the countrys financial situation or on the policy of the stat e, the country will be faced with direct implementation due to these factions. The oil prices have always been unsteady in the global market which has created a myriad amount of oil revenues. Certain parking lot citizens are allowed to own their own portion of oil.But unfortunately, some of the oil revenues are feedn out in the federal government through high Emirate elites which hinders on the countrys aptitude of generating their own in-housed wealth. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi earns the sanction of creating more than 90% of the total contribution to the oil market to secede in their countrys fortune (CIA World Factbook). Dubai also contributes to this fund as well. The government structure of UAE, known as a federation system, do not procure ownership in the federal profits of oil so this makes the country highly susceptible to the dependence of the ruling family of Abu Dhabi.This ultimately makes the oil revenuers indirectly dependent. What toughens the situation for the countr y are the changing oil prices constantly that is not controlled by government or elite officials. State planning is hard to carry out under such circumstances. This is bound to stem from state profit being relied upon oil revenue that isnt promised for today and tomorrows plans. This creates a setback from the people of the Emirates who cannot be supported by the federal budgets of such an economy thrive on the oil industry.There is an annual deficit of millions of dirhams (UAE currency) because of this fluctuation in oil prices. The focus of this turn up has been to analyze how the United Arab Emirates try to obtain political declaration as a rentier state and not follow through with it successfully for the inhibitions of the people. The rentier theory points out that loyalty in politics is rooted in economic motivation. Economic welfare is meant to go hand in hand with political opposition. Yet, the economic welfare of the people are closely linked to oil revenue of the United Arab Emirates in the world market.The problem of foreign labor plays a part in the states welfare policy as well. The importation of foreign labor was vital for the economic growth that started as a result of the oil price increase. The government thought that the national population would be able to give the needs to fill the workers place. This assumption turned out to be wrong. This essay has shown that the rulers welfare policies have made nationals skeptical in their choice of labor. In addition, this essay has depicted how the rentier model can exult the explanation of Abu Dhabis leading role within the federation.These facts have strengthened the assumption that the rulers use the oil economy as an instrument in securing stability but not to the countrys best ability. Bibliography Beblawi, Hazem. The Rentier State in the Arab World. Politics of the Middle East (2009). Web. 5 May 2012. Chazan, Guy. Oil Finally Aligning Strategic Plans. Financial Times. 16 Apr. 2012. Web. Eco nomy of UAE. CIA World Factbook. 12 Apr. 2010. Web. Gared, Davidson. Economy and Financing Projecting the UAE. The New York Times. 16 Mar. 2011. Web. Gimbel, Barney. The Richest City in the World. CNN World News. 12 March 2007.

In the three stories from other cultures (Country Lovers, Veronica and A Stench of Kerosene) Essay

In the three stories from other cultures (Coun effort Lovers, Veronica and A Stench of Kerosene) discuss how the relationships in each one(a) are affected by cultural forcesIn Country Lovers, the Apartheid in South Africa stopped blacks and whites intermingling. The Apartheid meant that police could decide to invade peoples homes if there was a suspicion of blacks and whites having a familiar relationship together. South Africa was a worse place due to the Apartheid and even now the division still has an affect on peoples lives. The master(prenominal) transaction that governed the Apartheid was the Immorality act. This ultimately banned mixed marriages and later went on to be amended to ban sexual relationships. If mixed marriages were heard of the couple would be arrested and sent to prison, although even the sentencing was biased as blacks got harsher sentences than whites.At the start of the story Paulus displayed true love towards Thebedi by bringing home a painted woody bo x he had made for her in wood-work classes. He had been sent away to do these classes at a boarding school. The boarding schools were another reason wherefore blacks were not as educated as whites because it was and simply not outpouringn to them in the same way it was given to the whites. Thebedi withal returned the love by giving Paulus a sort-after bracelet which she had made. This bracelet made his white friends jealous, so this give tongue tos that just because Thebedi is black doesnt mean she cannot bring happiness to anyone. This shows the affect it had on both races to the extent where if they had live onn the bracelet was made by a black person, they wouldnt have been jealous.When Paulus goes off to Veterinary College, it gave Njabulo a chance to show his love for Thebedi. He had had a crush on her for a long time but never revealed his feelings until Paulus went away. The relationship between Thebedi and Njabulo would not have been so frowned upon at wholly as they were both the same colour.The most controversial issue within the story is when Thebedi and Njabulo supposedly have a bollix, but when the baby is born it is mixed-race. Njabulo accepts the baby by going out and buying things for it, he bought from the Indian store a cellophane-widowed pack. This is probably because he loved Thebedi also much to get rid of her because of a mixed-race child. This shows the different views within the cultures.But when Paulus finds out that the baby is most probably his, he demands that Thebedi gets rid of it, You must give it to someone. This shows that he is scared of the authorities, because if they find out he would be facing prison or worse. So when the baby is found dead, and the forensic attest relates to poison, Paulus is the main suspect. But when Paulus gets to court it says that when Thebedi was giving evidence she was still wearing the ear-rings Paulus had given her when they had first met, she wore gilt-hoop ear-rings. This proved that she still had feelings for Paulus.In Veronica, it is not a end of racial differences it is the fact that society dictates the way you live by your gender. Fatalism plays a big part in this story. Okeke shows that he accepted what he had been given more(prenominal) so than Veronica. This is shown by the fact that Okeke moves away top the city to try and make a life of his own. Whereas Veronica was not persuaded by Okekes efforts to try and get her to come with him. Instead she stayed in the village to try and scrape a life off of very little money. Okeke proved to be moralistic, all the women I meet are only interested in money and cars.Veronica herself had to mature a lot quicker than any other juvenile as her father was a bitter drunk and her mother was weak and poorly. When Okeke went away to his life in the city, I think both of them were feeling as if their lives were going to be dramatically changed but were too afraid to admit it.Okeke returned to the village as a prosperou s doctor with many paths he could spot to take his life down. He came back to discover that Veronica was still living the same life but with a child and husband. Her brothers and sisters that she worked so tight to keep alive had left her and dispersed into different parts of the country and forgotten about her.The war breaks out and Okeke returns again to find Veronica manufacture there close to death. She says she wants to dies because she has lost everything, I dont want to live, you hear?. So Veronica slips away and Okeke shows how much he felt for her by burying her down by the river, where they spent so much time together in their youth.A Stench of Kerosene is set in Jammu and Kashmir, Union India. It is based in mid 20th Century. The cultural force that plays its part in this story is the Hindu Marriage Act (1955). This governs all Hindu marriages. This Act also applies to Buddhists and Sikhs. It said that the bride should be 18 and the groom 21. Neither should already ha ve a spouse and both should be capable of giving consent. It was also believed that both spouses should be fit for both marriage and consummation. This rule however did not apply to the counties of Kashmir and Jammu.Manak truly loved his wife called Guleri. There was a amusement park in a town called Chamba. Guleri looked forward to it every year and was set on going the same as usual. But there was just one problem, Manak knew that if Guleri left for any length of time, his mother would set up a marriage with someone else he might not even like. He was so seperate for her to stay he even begged her, I ask again, dont go away this time.The reason his mother wanted Manak to get a different was because Guleri had never conceived a child and therefore could not continue with the family name. His mother paid 500 rupees just to get Manak another wife. This worked because after a short time of being with the second wife conceived a child. When Guleri heard the news of Manaks second wife she soaked her clothes in coal oil and set them alight.The fact you dont ever find out what the second wifes name is, tells us that she was irrelevant to Manak and that he considered her to just be there as his wife. The main reason he just put up with her is because he respected his mother and thought that it would be injure to speak up about how he actually felt. Also this shows that Manaks mother cannot be blamed entirely because she was just acting how her culture dictates. overall in these didactic stories, it shows the effects that different cultural forces had on peoples relationships and that people had to go to extreme lengths to avoid the terror of being caught doing something they know is wrong but cannot help.

Employee Welfare and Satisfaction

Employee satisfaction is supremely important in an organization because it is what productivity depends on. If your employees are satisfied they would produce superior quality performance in optimal time and lead to growing profits. Satisfied employees are also more likely to be creative and innovative and come up with breakthroughs that allows a ships company to grow and change positively with time and changing market conditions Employee welfare defines as efforts to make life worth living for workmen.These efforts have their origin each in some statute formed by the state or in some local custom or in collective covenant or in the employers own initiative. Job satisfaction represents the constellations of persons position towards or about the stage business. In general, job satisfaction is the attitude towards the job as a whole. Job satisfaction is a function of satisfaction with different aspects of job, i. e. supervision, pay, works itself, co-workers, promotion, and so fo rth , and of the particular weighting or grandness one attaches to these respective components.Modern management considers human being as resource and it is an importance for the success of any organization. It is the strength and aid. Therefore employees attitudes, interest, quality, job satisfaction, etc. , have a bearing productivity of a firm unless the management is able to recognize employees needs and wants they leave lose motivation and morale and it will affect the best interest of the firm. Work is one of the most important activities in a persons life. Who do have satisfying job rarely have fully satisfying lives.Dissatisfaction in work can lead in many circumstances to lower production and friction on the job. So that it must be considered by the management and steps should be taken to find out the factors which cause job dissatisfaction and to reduce such dissatisfaction. In general employee satisfaction is the attitude towards the work environment, salary, relationshi p with their colleagues, job security, grievance handling, performance appraisal, training and development, management style, quality policy, career counseling and so on.

Comparing and contrasting three poems that portray the yearning to belong Essay

We all long to be a part of something and to get hold accepted, ir appraiseive of age, culture and hostel. Similarly, Stephen Spenders song, My Parents kept Me from Children who were Rough, Moniza Alvis An Unknown Girl and Phyllis McCormacks Crabbit Old Woman talk to the highest degree how each of the poets long to be a part of a certain society or culture, and this longing outlines the underlying piece of music across all three poems.My Parents kept Me from Children who were Rough is or so childhood bullying and regret. The narrator experiences bullying at a young age and I sense a feeling of regret as the poet wished he could be a part of the group of vulgar boys. I get the impression that the narrator, now at his adult stage, feels that he did not make the most of his childhood, and this was perhaps due to class differentials.Whereas, Moniza Alvis poem reveals how the narrator had left her hometown at a young stage and when she returns, she yearns to be a part of it. I bel ieve she finds it difficult to reconcile her roots with her unlike lifestyle and falls under the dilemma where she is forced to choose one life, despite her strong desire for both. We get a contrasting idea in Crabbit Old Woman, as it is a plea to wear upon free from the stereotypical image of old people. The old woman feels that she is being judged unfairly beca expenditure her body has crumbled. She expresses how her head remains intact, and would like the nurses to realize that her battered heart swells with undiscovered vivacity.All the three poems have an underlying theme of belonging. My parents is about how the narrator longed to fit in with the group of bullies. The macrocosm being so brutal, made growing up hard for the narrator. At a young age, the narrator probably needed to feel wanted and important and hence, wanted to be part of a group. There are many other significant themes present, such as a theme of childhood bullying, as the narrator fears the boys who had m uscles like irons. A theme of regret, coupled with loneliness is distinguished, as the poet longed to forgive the bullies, but never had the chance. The constant use of I and Me tells the readers how the poet was lonesome. Therefore, I get the impression that the poem is written based on a bitter childhood memory. I feel sorry for the poet as he was made fun of for his lisp and the bullies salt-coarse pointing, which seems to have affected the poets life greatly, even throughout his adult phase.Similarly, in An unknown girl, the poet wants to belong to her inhering community, which she once left behind. There is a theme of admiration, as her fascination for the evening bazaar studded with neon is clearly depicted. In addition to that, a theme of self-identity is found, as the poet is desperately trying to find herself through her roots. She is unknown to herself.Whereas, the narrator in Crabbit Old Woman wants to belong in a world and society untouched by the evils of stereotype. S he would like to feel accepted and gain the same respect as everybody else. She hopes the nurses would include her in their world, and would look beyond her strong-arm inabilities, in order to admire and recognise the beautiful life she has lived and experienced. Alongside that central theme, a great deal of regret is conveyed, as the narrator immensely resents the way she is stereotyped, and hopes to prove that she is still young at heart. There is also a nostalgic sensation in the poem, as the narrator indulges in reminisces about her past experiences and life stages.I believe that the titles of each poem represent the designer for the narrators inability to belong. My Parents kept Me from Children who were Rough suggests how the poet whangs his parents for not being able to savor in the pleasures the bullies experienced, as they were very protective of him. I get the impression that he envied the other childrens freedom, in contrast to his restricted life implemented upon him. On the other hand, the title An Unknown Girl has a double meaning as it could refer to the actual girl hennaing the poets hand or it may refer to the poet itself. The poet finds this culture overwhelming yet admires it, and she strongly craves to be a part of it. Moreover, the title Crabbit Old Woman itself illustrates the way the old woman is perceived by the nurses. This stereotypical image is what prevents the nurses from exploring the real old woman and prevents her from belonging into their world.Structure aids a reader to visualise a poem and the free verse structure in An Unknown Girl expresses the narrators exploration of thought and conveys her dream-like admiration. The lack of pauses in the poem is successful, as these would break the connection between the narrator and the bazaar. I felt the layout of the poem was particularly striking, and this furthermore made me realize that it could symbolize the pretty henna, which is described as cover to us, enhancing its gracef ul manner. Similarly, the use of enjambment in Crabbit Old Woman depicts to the reader the constant running of thoughts and memories of the various stages of life of the old woman.This creates a fast gradation coupled with a constant rhyme and free flowing rhythm, which contrasts with the impression the nurses have of old people being slow. I believe the poet chose to use a fast pace and rhyme, to further emphasis that point. Moreover, I feel the use of three structured stanzas with four lines each in My parents made me realize how the narrator was always forced to follow his parents rules and hence, control himself from many things. As a child, one is helpless in front of his or her parents decisions and therefore, I feel as if the author felt caged. I sometimes feel obligated to my parents decisions and this much aggravates me, hence I can understand the underlying tone of anger and blame placed upon the parents in this poem.The use of effective language by the poets helps sugge st the ideas of the poems. The constant use of similes in My Parents show the childs admiration and arouse for the bullies as muscles like iron suggests strength and power, which are qualities that generally excite young boys. Torn Clothes reveal class differentiation and this helped justify the reason why the parents did not want the narrator to be a part of the bullies. On the contrary, Moniza Alvi uses striking imagery in her poem, as she paints a wonderful metaphorical image in our minds depicting her state of longing to be a part of this culture.The way the narrator will lean across a unsophisticated India with my hands outstretched longing for the unknown girl in the neon bazaar is a very powerful image. I can almost recall an anxious woman holding out her arms, in hope to receive her roots it gives me the idea that the narrator is practically begging for this connection with her hometown. Colours forswear the street float up in balloons is another influential metaphoric image. This symbolizes how the poet is trying to reach out for something her roots, but it is not within her grasp. Moreover, the constant repeat of an unknown girl is hennaing my hand gives me the impression that the poet needs to constantly remind herself that she connects with this place showing her desperation to remain connected to her roots.I chose these poems as I felt I could relate to them very well. I can understand Alvis situation, as I myself am away from my country of origin and often I find myself indulging in a more foreign culture, yet many a times I get nostalgic about the place I come from, despite feeling detached and distant from it. In addition, I think I could share my thoughts and feelings very well with My parents as it is about a young adult, just like me. Fitting in and being part of a group of children is very vital and therefore, I solemnly sympathize with the narrator. Lastly, I think Crabbit Old Woman deals with a great problem of stereotypical images, which are present in all works of life. It was shake to see the old woman standing up against these stereotypical images created by society. The poem made me to realize that I need to offer more respect and admiration for the older generation.All the three poems are written in a unique style and each one conveys very deep issues, in accordance with the universal theme of belonging. All the poets were very much successful in conveying their ideas and they were able to create a lasting impact upon the readers.

Go therefore and make disciples of all nations Essay

Go therefore and make disciples of whole(a) nations. Matthew 28.14.What does this com bitd of messiah mean?Thomas Kee 9/10In todays eitheriance people can make others into disciples without realising it. The world relies on a few people to act as examples and model Christians to set an example for others. These are people like Mother Teresa who stepped aside from the normal numeral of life to afford up theirs to help others.In 1948 Mother Teresa was granted permission to leave her seat at the convent and begin a ministry among the sick. In 1952 Mother Teresa opened the Nirmal Hriday (Pure Heart) Home for Dying Destitutes in Calcutta. after she extended her work to five continents.The rich young man ( Matthew 1916-30), A wealthy Jew asked deliverer what he needs to do to receive eternal life. Jesus answers him that he needs to obey the commandments. The man then asks him what he needs to do to be perfect. Jesus answered him that he needs to give up everything he owns and to fol low Jesus. However, the man refused and walked away sadly.This story is an example of some(a)one who cannot give up all his money to be a uncoiled disciple, but people like mother Teresa who give up everything they have to help the sick, poor and those in need. By doing this they help people on the street to discipleship by acting as examples.Happy are those who are humble, You can lead people on the road to discipleship by being a good Christian. You dont have to pr individually to them and show shoot how holy you are, but be kind, generous and helpful and they will learn from you.People can acknowledge you and learn how to be a good disciple from you, if you do missionary work in some other country. If you have the money and time you could go to a poor country and set up a school or a hospital. For some this can be too much, so even shrimpy sponsorships or helping the local parish can set an example to others and make them think how they can help.By helping your local churc h you can set an example, you could help the priest in preparing the sermons or you could glance over at masses, Happy are those who are spiritually poor. Matthew 5v3 You dont have to make a great scene, but try to be discreet and people will recognize you. Those who are disgraced of me I will be ashamed of them on the last day. By standing up and argue the church against those who oppose it, others will notice you and follow you as an example.Thomas Kee 10/10 on that point are many people who have taken up the challenge of doing great good each and every one of them is a great example to the world.Happy are those who are prosecuted for doing what God requires. terrycloth Waite was a special envoy to the Archbishop of Canterbury. He was a negotiator who was trying to free hostages in Lebanon but was taken hostage himself. For five years he was chained to a tiny cell 23 hours of the day. Throughout this time he didnt lose his faith I am not a man who wears his faith on his sleeve s, Ive never believed it is an insurance policy we dont support in a just or fair world. If you have faith you can say excruciation neednt destroy, that something good can emerge from it. But faith is there to shape your life, not to give you special protection. Terry Waite Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, This commandment can present a problem in modern day context. Although it is the word of God, people whitethorn not be provoke in the teachings of Christianity.ForIt is Gods wish and command that people should preach the word of God.By preaching you are large others the chance to receive eternal life.There is nothing bad about Christianity, its morals are all good.People are not forced to become Christian, they have the choice.AgainstYou may want to discover Christianity for yourself, you may not want it told to you.Preaching may put people off.It is wrong to force it onto people.In some countries it is illegal to be a practicing Christian. By preaching Christia nity in these countries you are encouraging them to break the law.I believe it is a Christians duty to go out into the world spreading the teachings of Jesus Christ. However I understand that people will not always welcome Christianity into their lives. It is probably true that actions speak louder than words and by setting an example by being a good Christian is more effective then preaching in spreading the word of God.BibliographyEncarta 99Class notesThe record book

Islam’s View on Suicide Essay

Islam berths hu composition life sentence as a gift and something consecrated that should be protected for the sake of Allah Taala. No Moslem should take his or her life for granted. In the Quran, Allah speaks to His followers and educates them on their character of life And I (Allah) cr exhausted non the jinn and mankind except that they should worship Me (Alone). (Adh-Dhariyat 56). This indicates that macrocosm should continue living to worship their Lord. Through other verses, Muslims ar protected from death finished various(a) forms of worship.He has forbidden you solitary(prenominal) the carrion (flesh of dead animals), and blood, and flesh of swine, and that which is slaughtered as a sacrifice for others than Allah (or has been slaughtered for idols, on which Allahs Name has non been mentioned whilst slaughtering). But if one is forced by necessity without wilful disobe clog upnce nor transgressing out-of-pocket limits, past thither is no sin on him. Truly, Allah i s Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (Surah Al-Baqarah 173). These forbidden fodders rout out only f ar harm upon a someone in the long-run and therefore a Muslim is forbidden to bring them. Consumption of prohibited substances will only entice death.Similarly, alcohol, cigargonttes and drugs be explicitly shunned in Islam. During the one month fast of Ramadhan, Muslims appreciate hunger during the day. At the end of the month, they appreciate the life that they are given the chance to live with the bounty that Allah bestows upon them. Muslims believe that death is ordained by Allah and no person will die until his or her time is duely prescribed And no person can ever die except by Allahs leave and at an appointed term (Imraan 145). Suicide in Islam Suicide is prohibited in Islam. As knock d declareing is prohibited in Islam, killing ones self amounts to murder.Strict warnings level up in the Quran as relayed below Do non take life, which Allah do sacred, other than in the cast of justice, (al-Israa 33) and If eachone kills a person unless it be for murder or spreading mischief in the body politic it would be as if he killed the whole of humanity (al-Maidah 32) Suicide, generally, is seen as a result of cowardice. Someone who wishes for an easy course to escape from stress and related difficulty in his or her life, sometimes entertain felo-de-se. This type of prospect is frowned upon in Islam as Muslims believe that Allah would never burden a believer more than he or she can bear.It is through with(predicate) a Muslims intellect and perseverance, coupled with a lot of faith, that he or she should continue to overcome arenaly obstacles by submitting to the Creator. More importantly though, m any(prenominal) f betors can bear to suicide. Among them are depression, substance ab workout, personal losses and problems, personal health and disability. (a) Depression Depression is a aesculapian condition that holds to be treated. A person who ha s an isolated and detached lifestyle including mental ability, sleeping patterns, the inability to socialise, eating disorders and a dangerous aptitude of stress is most equally to fall nether the category of depression.If this person still has the ability to decide for him or herself, treatment should be sought immediately. Alternatively, friends and family who umbrageous this person is entertaining thoughts of suicide, essential essay help from medical practitioners. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings upon him) reminded his followers that Allah had non created any disease (except for malignant neoplastic disease) without a cure for it, (Bukhari). It is therefore vital for a person get downing from depression to seek medical caution. (b) Substance abuse Substance abusers can be often lead to suicide through overdoses.Anything that harms a humans health is considered as haraam (prohibited). Substances that are intoxicating, such as cigarettes and alcohol switch no benef it to mankind. On the contrary, they are harmful to the user and those who surround him or her. Even if this person does not overdose in the short run, steadfast addiction to either can cause cancer in the long run, a disease that does not know a cure. The same ruling applies to the use of drugs. Every intoxicant is Khamr, and every Khamr is haram, (Muslim) (c) Personal losses and problems The loss of a loved one can spark suicidal tendencies.Practicing Muslims however wear death as part of life. The saying inna lillahi wa innalillahi rajiun implies that Muslims accept that from Allah they originate from and to Allah they will return. Muslims accept the passing of a loved one calmly with prayers for his or her gladness in the after life. Personal problems are amass in todays society. Many hatful are especially burdened by mounting financial debt. This is usually due to poor preparation of resources. Though difficult to overcome, emerging from a financial difficulty is possible. Muslims are prohibited to leave debt when passing, so it is only wise to eliminate debt rather than end ones life. The first step would be to remove the element of riba (interest) from financial holdings whether they are assets or liabilities. Pay off all interest first. In assets such as savings accounts, remove all interest income by donating them to charity. When interest is removed, it will be easier to pay-off brings and an opportunity to start saving money will too unfold. Allah condemns usury, and blesses charities. Allah dislikes every disbeliever, guilty.O you who believe, you shall observe Allah and chorus line from all kinds of usury, if you are believers. If you do not, then expect a war from Allah and His messenger. But if you repent, you may salvage your capitals, without inflicting injustice, or incurring injustice. If the debtor is unable to pay, wait for a better time. If you give up the loan as a charity, it would be better for you, if you only knew. (Baqarah 2 76-280) Engaging in a professional financial planning service will induce healthy spending tendencies. (d) Personal health and disability Again, Muslims are not to be disheartened by continuous pain and suffering endured in life.In fact, these experiences exposit sins. The more suffering a Muslim is subjected to during his life-span, the easier his condition will be during the hereafter. Suicide is not an option. Be sure We shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss in goods, lives, and the fruits of your toil. But give glad discussion to those who uncomplainingly persevere. Those who say, when afflicted with calamity, To Allah we belong, and to Him is our return. They are those on whom descend blessings from their Lord, and gentleness. They are the ones who receive guidance. (Baqarah155-157) Patience is prescribed for Muslims undergoing unreasonable stress. in that respect are blessings in overcoming hardship and the first step to doing this is to patiently accept the course of obstacles with function and strength. There are cases where a patient who is enduring continuous pain, and is most probably bed-ridden, requires his or her life to be terminated. This is called euthanasia, or mercy-killing. In some cases, a family member or close friend feels that the patient will be better off deceased, and requests for his or her life to end. Muslims are disallowed from practicing euthanasia. And do not kill yourselves. Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you. (An-Nisa 29).Assisting a person to terminate his or her life is unlawful in Islam as this translates into assisting suicide. There are blessings in suffering and a persons life is still as valuable as it would be should he or she be perfectly healthy. A person must continue living until his or her time is due. And take not life, which Allah has made sacred, except by substance of justice and law, (Al-Anam 151). In a case where a person is proclaimed as brain-dead and does not feel any pa in, a doctor may recommend terminating the use of the life-support machine. This machine is care the patient alive when he or she is actually is not.If there is medical justification that there is nobody in the power of the practitioners to be able to cure the patient in question, it is permissible for families of the patient to cut short the use of the life-support machinery and allow nature to take its course. Suicide in the news Suicide bombardment Suicide bombardment is synonymous with Muslim followers in the mainstream media. Suicide bombers reap more attention than those who illegally invade countries, causing the lives of innocent civilians some in their own homes. Suicide bombing entails a person killing him or herself through an explosion of a bomb.This explosion also encroaches of lives around the suicide bomber. Countries like Palestine and Iraq agree been warped with suicide bombing. Islam, no doubt, is a religion of peace, and never condones any form of violence. Having said that, Islam disallows oppression in any way. It is not permissible for a Muslim to be an oppressor nor is it allowed for him to be oppressed and remain to be oppressed without seeking options of overcoming such violation of basic rights. A Muslim thus, is required to seek mediation and negotiation with the oppressing party, to release him, his family, his community and arena from the shackles of violence.Since Muslims are flinch only by Allahs law, it is prohibited for a country to have the nations immunity curbed by an illegal invasion, all in the name of justice. Should there no means of disentangling a countrys operation from being ruled by a foreign party, Muslims sometimes do have to resort to violence in order to regain their rightful land. War is allowed in Islam when a Muslim party requires to defend their land, property and family. Defending a country for the sake of Islam, is mandatory upon every Muslim, man or woman. For example, in the case of Iraq, inhum ane sanctions are being imposed on innocent civilians of the country.There are no medical facilities to allow recovery from alien bombs and fire. Children are being killed every day. Women are sexually assaulted. Iraqis are being beaten, wrongly imprisoned and killed by the minute. The country is constantly under ravish by missiles and bombs that are released from the air. How are Muslims in this care required to fight? Suicide bombing here is reflected as a need to curb attacks upon innocent people. The Islamic Fiqh Academy affiliated to the OIC, in its ordinal session, held in Duha (Qatar) 513 Dhul-Qidah1423 A. H., 1116 January 2003 C. E. statesThe Islamic Fiqh Academy stresses that martyr operations are a form of jihad, and carrying out those operations is a legitimate right that has nothing to do with act of terrorism or suicide. Those operations become obligatory when they become the only way to stop the aggression of the enemy, have the best it, and grievously damage its p ower. According to a fatwa issued by beau Faysal Mawlawi, deputy head of the European Council of Fatwa and question (ECFR), not only are these suicide bombers unassociated with suicide, they are neither terrorists.In fact, these suicide bombers are know as martyrs those who risk their lives in defense of their country, property, family, and foremost, religion. It is not befitting for a suicide bomber in this context to be condemned. Allah Taala narrates And spend of your substance in the cause of Allah, and make not your own hands contribute to (your) destruction but do good for Allah loveth those who do good, (Baqarah 195). In the case of Palestine, civilians suffer from displacement of their own kind to aggressive occupation.Such occupation has been in operation for years on end. All Israeli civilians who are occupation of Palestine, are seen as oppressors. In this case, Sheikh Faysal Mawlawi stresses that the demise of non-aggressive Israelis through suicide bombing also consti tutes martyrdom and not terrorism. He continues to state that though Muslims should target array personnel over the lay-civilian, every Israeli who is living in hostility on Palestinian land should also be removed as they themselves continue to violate Muslims right to consecrate land and to the Holy Masjid of Al-Aqsa.According to Sheikh Faysal, Muslims should retaliate the way they are too, being attacked, and in this case, attacked with great injustice. If ye punish, then punish with the like of that wherewith ye were afflicted. (An-Nahl 126). Muslims living in the West Just because the Islamic Fiqh Academy defines suicide bombing as an act or martyrdom and does not associate it with terrorism or suicide, Muslims in countries that do not live under the realm of war, are not entitled to exploit the ruling.Muslims are not allowed to cause harm to other people, regardless of their faith, who are not oppressing Muslim brothers or sisters. On the contrary, Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, h ead of the European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR), and the president of the International Association of Muslim Scholars (IAMS) advises that all Muslims are to act in full kindness and convey the beautiful message of Islam to the best of their ability. Muslims in the West are not allowed to cause destruction in their country of residence, even though Muslim brothers and sisters fall victim to hands of violence.Muslims living under peaceful conditions should take full advantage to speak up on unfair dealings through interfaith dialogues, charity runs, neighbourhood gatherings and through other social events. Muslims should not resort to violence when there is none surrounding them. O you who believe Stand out hard as Allahs witnesses to fair dealing, and let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and leave office from justice. Be just that is next to piety and fear Allah. And Allah is well acquainted with all that you do. (al-Maidah 8) This whole world i s made by God.Anything that exists in this world is also made by God. We all are made by God and for God. God has made this earth on which we are living, and the sky. He sends rain to the earth. He has created different kinds of fruits for us to eat like grapes, dates, mango, banana, orange, apple, papaya, pineapple, custard apple and many more. He also created different kinds of vegetables for us to eat like onion, spinach, tomatoes, lemon, carrot, cabbage, cauliflower, ginger, garlic etc. Then He also created different kinds of meat that we eat like chicken, beef, mutton, fish etc.There are also other many different kinds of food we eat, unlimited and uncountable on this earth. Can we live without piss? It is created by our Lord. We need water to drink, we need water to grow vegetables, fruits, rice, wheat and other plants. We need water to cook food, we need water to clean ourselves, we need water to clean our houses, wash clothes, wash dishes and then there are much more uses o f water. We on this earth cant live without water. Its a fact and we known this fact. This water is created by our God so that we can survive on this earth.That is, we cannot survive if there will be no water on this world. This means that we are really and solely dependent on our Lord for His mercy on us, we cannot live or survive without our Lord and His mercy. Can we live without air and oxygen? It is also given to us by our Creator, our Lord. God has sent to us on this world for some purpose in life. He has created all these things and shown His mercy on us for some reason. There is some reasonable genuine reason for which we sent to this world. Were not created purpose less. How can we know our purpose in this life then?We can only know this by His books, He has sent to us and eruditeness from His prophets. After sending us to this world God hasnt left us alone in darkness. From His book we know that when He expelled Adam from paradise, He told Him, Go down to earth, and some of you will be enemy of others, and you will live there for small period of time, then youll have to come buns to me one day. Ill keep sending you my commandments, whoever will obey me, Ill take him to paradise, and whoever will recant me and reject my commandments, Ill reject him and take him to hell. (Al-Quran, The Cow)From these lines now we know that our purpose of existence is only and only for God. Were not only created by God but for God. He said in His book, Ive created mankind to worship me and to recognize me. (Al-Quran) God has created all these things for us on which were dependent like food, water, earth only and only to submit to our Lord. We should show our respect to God, be dutiful to Him and become His obedient. Muslims should not be overbearing upon non-Muslims and force them to understand Islam. Lecturing and preaching to followers of other faith must always be done with tact.A more effective method of dawa would be to lead by action through constructive com munity projects and general amiable behaviour. Muslims who resort to suicide bombing in countries that do not harbour war, are not considered as martyrs. In fact, they have committed suicide and in turn, have also killed innocent civilians. Let therebe no compulsion or coercion in the religion Islam. The right direction is distinctly clear from error. (Baqarah 256) Killing other people just as a form of expression, or rather to merely make a point, is not a feature of a Muslim.Allah forbiddeth you not those who warred not against you on account of religion and drove you not out from your homes, that ye should show them kindness and deal justly with them. Lo Allah loveth the just dealers. (Al-Mumtahanah 8) Different hadith from Prophet Mohammad (salalaho alaihay wasalam) also stresses the same view that suicide is not permitted and extremely prohibited in Islam.References 1. Http//www. inter-islam. org/prohibitions/suicide. html 2. www. therevivial. co. uk 3. www. readingislam. c om 4. www. islam. about. com 5. www. submission. org 6. www. islamonline. net.

Catastrophic Predictions Essay

The most recent previsions were observed on the date declination 21, 2012 for which the Mayan schedule ran out. Other prediction statements involved the earth being centered in the middle of the Milky elan and the intentionets becoming lined in such a manner that would affect the earths polarity. in that location nurse been a countless amount of blasting disaster predictions foretold for m any(prenominal) years. Even some celebrated individuals like Nostradamus have made predictions that findd panic and havoc amongst hopers. Incidentally, most predictions argon challenged by scientist to prove that they atomic number 18 truly simulated statements and derriere be provide evidence against them. So, why do we want to take aim the worst before hearing all the facts?Catastrophic predictions for December 21, 2012 expressed the concerns that doomsday or Armageddon were at hand. Two of the most popular predictions were the Mayan cal ratiocinationar and the terrene alignment. Between the two predictions several(prenominal) individuals have derived a conclusion that on a certain date changes in our earths astrological physical composition leave behind be involved in changing our lives. Now, does that mean the end of time as we live it or just an tear downt which occurs in unit of ammunitions? In the course of scientific evaluations each element has been logically examined to provide answers to contradict the beliefs that these predictions will be the end of times.Scientists and historians working together can explain the prediction of the ancient calendar of the Mayans. The Mayan calendar is more or less to end its cycle and the new beginning arrives on December 21, 2012. Doomsday believers feel that the Mayans stone calendar is the real thing this time. These believers feel that the government is withholding the truth. In fact, the Mayan calendar differs from our current system that we use today. Our calendar holds only twelve months per cycle ye ar. The Mayan calendar is very much referred to as the calendar Round. The Calendar Round covers a time period equal to 52 solar years or 73 ritual years.The time is significant because in every Calendar Round all the possible combinations of haab and tzolkin cycles will have been experienced and they will re-synchronize at the same first point (Bellenir, 2004). Scientific explanations for this prediction of the end of days show that it has been misunderstood by many individuals. Basically, the haab cycle consist of eighteen months of twenty days per month and an additional five days at the end of the cycle (Lewin , 2011). Each day in the haab months is grantn a name from the tzolkin itemisation. It is similar to our list of Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday. The expulsion is that the zolkin list has unique names for each one of the twenty days.Evidence dated during a prior Mayan calendar ending cycle has been found. The theory of climate change could be observed in the discovery. Scientists are researching what seems to be a plant that once lived during a previous Mayan calendar cycle. 5,200-year-old plants flash frozen. Millennia ago when the fit great calendar cycle of the Mayan came to an end, rapid climate change shook up the world and devastated habitats (PR Newswire connection LLC, 2009). Could there be other evidence that has yet to be found to show what happens during that cycle? Certainly, there will need to be more studies done, but until then, individuals will express their own beliefs and opinions regarding the predictions using the Mayan Calendar.The planetary alignment with Earth suddenly at the center of the Milky Way in 2012 causing untold destruction as the earths crust ruptures, seas swamp our coastlines, volcanoes erupt and continental fault lines demolish (Machosky, 2009). Can planetary alignment really cause the Earths magnetic poles to reverse and cause havoc across the planet? Disasters that wh itethornbe experienced from such an alignment could result from environmental changes. pursuit of this prediction feel that we are already experiencing effects with the Earths weather elements and the earthquakes felt virtually the planet. The polar ice cap is still melting at a slow rate. Could this cause the urine level to rise in areas if the poles reverse? Scientists and meteorologists feel that this prediction has will not cause any catastrophic disaster for us.The equinoxes (and solstices) has caused concerns and is often misunderstood when this cycle event happens. The Sun is not a turn up object and takes some time to cross the galactic equator they coincide once a year for several years (Stuart, 2011). Winter solstice was observed on December 21, 2012 which is when the Sun has reached its furthest southern point and starts head teacher a northerly direction. A few days before and after the winter solstice, the change is so slight that the Suns path seems to stay the sa me, or stand still (Yankee Publishing, Inc., 2012). Does this mean it is a sign of a catastrophic event? No, this happens all the time and our Earth has no drastic affect. Individuals can often seek more reliable proof through specialist.Even the best scholars and scientists will often bump heads during their investigation period of a prediction. The difference between the two classifys of specialists is the way they use the results stem factor. Scholars will derive their material from proven result factors along with any theory that is applicable. Scientists in general need to have actual facts for a proven base result. Both will probe at the task, until satisfied in their determinations. It would be hard to keep any catastrophic disaster a secret. why would they? They have just as much to lose as everyone else if the Earth was going to be in harms way.If we take a look back at some of the famous literary productions of Nostradamus and his prediction materials we would find en coded messages which have been studied by other scholars even today. Nostradamuss deeply esoteric approach including obscure astrological methods and the use of an esoteric code known as the Green lecture (Abbott, Gold, & Rotella, 2000). Nostradamus did not make it easy to read his predictions and for many years individuals have tried to break the code. His chase believe that much of Nostradamuss predictions have already happened and that he was gifted with the sight of true predictions. Furthermore, the slightest distraction or code breaking could result in a false statement predicting that the end is near.Who should we believe when it comes to the facts that a catastrophic disaster is coming our way? Many movies have been created with different outcomes of a catastrophic disaster. Each film is pointing the finger that we are not prepared enough. The government is in control on the way things will be handled during a catastrophic disaster, even in the moves. We can feel sure-foo ted that our government would inform us that the world was in danger. They would even have a plan stria in place just for such an event. Many individuals have even started their own game plan for action during doomsday.Preparing for any expecting disaster is often taken seriously by individuals believing that the predictions are about to come true. Some believers handle it in different ways for example they might have intend to attend a celebration party. Others may celebrate the passing event in private settings. If this sounds familiar, it should because that is what they did on the Millennium (2000). A brief reminder of that prediction was that computers were not going to work. Which turned out to be just a small programming issue and computers still work today. Many bank identify customers rushed to withdrew funds in fear that their money would be lost. What are we afraid of? Is it the not cognize what? Or could it be the not knowing when a disaster will occur that has many get ready ahead of time?Those individuals who believe in the disaster will shift into a natural selection mode. survival of the fittest supplies are stockpiled for the long duration of the event. The amount of supplies depends on the individuals needs and typecast of disaster being observed. Water is one of the major items on the list both for drinking and cleanup position needs. Using special care not to store plastic bottles of water in direct temperateness for research is still pending on the harm from toxicants produced during prolonged sun exposures (Rogers, 2012). Food and medical supplies are another demand on a stockpile list for survival of a disaster. Having a list ahead of time can help keeping track of the inventory. In addition, individuals may take it even future by seeking out a place to hold out until the disaster is over. electrical resistance shelters have been designed and are in place for safety measures at a high bargain for price. Believers in the catastr ophic prediction will irisly spend money on solid, reinforced, deep subway system shelters designed to withstand most disasters. These shelters are equipped with electrical power or self-contained with solar power. The price range depends on the size verse the structure. Diameters of 8, 9, 10, 11 12 x 20 to 50 lengths are available on custom orders. Prices start at $49,900 (Atlas Survival Shelters, 2012). This example is for the shelter itself the property cost is additional. Shelter manufacturers have different floor plans to choose from, call up the buyer could be living in it for a long time. It depends on what you believe in there is another type of believer and they will reach for the heavens in time of need.Religious communities will often come together to make peace. In times of despair many churches will have gatherings for prayer so members can join together with each other. Past religious cults even had predictions that their group called Heavens Gate of 1997 was to mee t with a spaceship. That prediction cost thirty nine individuals their lives. Of course, no spaceship ever arrived for them.The news media was quick to report this sad event massive suicides are commonalty when misadvised individuals want to believe what someone tells them.Once the danger passes the due date how do we react finding it was indeed another false statement? Some individuals start to unpack their underground shelter and others may keep it ready for the bordering prediction. While others just feel like it is another day glad that they disbelieved in the predictions. Everyone has a choice to believe or disbelieve in the predictions. We should be able to give more thought into the research results of specialists for indeed there are more explanations in favor of nothing going to happen. Another perfect example has passed by on December 21, 2012 for the outcome has been proven that in view of the scientific spectrum no evidence occurred that put us in danger of existence. Future false statements will be tested each time by professionals and facts will be shared openly to us all. Giving us a safe and secure feeling to continue our daily lives until next time. partsAbbott, C., Gold, S. F., & Rotella, M. (2000). The Secrets Of Nostradamus A Radical New Interpretation of the Masters Prophecies. Retrieved 2012, from Publishers Weekly http//www.lirn.net/services/ deputy? uniform resource locator=http//search.proquest.com/docview/197051024?accountid=40833 Atlas Survival Shelters. (2012). Galvanized Corrugated Pipe. Retrieved from Atlas Survival Shelters http//www.atlassurvivalshelters.com/aboutus/nbc/corrugated/ Bellenir, K. (2004). In Religious Holidays & Calendars. Retrieved from Credo Reference http//www.lirn.net/services/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.credoreference.com/entry/ogirholidays/the_mayan_and_aztec_calendars Lewin , N. (2011). The Haab. Retrieved from THE MAYAN TRADITION THE OTHERS CALENDARS http//www.4-ahau.com/en/The_Haab.html Machosky, M. (20 09). Apocalypse now? Well, more like, triad years from now. Retrieved 2012, from ProQuest http//www.lirn.net/services/proxy?url=http//search.proquest.com/docview/457147731?accountid=40833 PR Newswire Association LLC. (2009). What if the Maya Were Right and Doomsday is Just about the Corner? National Geographic Channel Investigates the Science Behind Ancient Clues in 2012 Countdown to Armageddon. Retrieved 2012, from ProQuest http//www.lirn.net/services/proxy?url=http//search.proquest.com/docview/447787532?accountid=40833 Rogers, C. D. (2012). Are Clear Water Bottles Safe for Sun Exposure? Retrieved from National Geographic federation http//greenliving.nationalgeographic.com/clear-water-bottles-safe-sun-exposure-20417.html Stuart, D. (2011). The Order of Days The Maya World and the Truth about 2012. Retrieved from Gale Science in Context http//ic.galegroup.com80/ic/scic/AcademicJournalsDetailsPage/AcademicJournalsDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Journals&disableHighlighting=false&se arch_within_results=&prodId=SCIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CA263992162&userGroupName=lirn_crevc&jsid= Yankee Publishing, Inc. (2012). First Day of Winter 2012 The Winter Solstice. Retrieved from The Old sodbusters Almanac http//www.almanac.com/content/first-day-winter-winter-solstice

Digging Gold Essay

Abstract This paper will discuss Digging gold fibre in detail and provide answers to various questions that arose after(prenominal) studying the case. This re search will answer to the types of pollutions that ar generated by the gold mining companies, pollution effect on the env contractment, governmental regulations that would address the pollution problem, lineament of NGOS (Non-governmental organizations) and citizens to reduce milieual effectuate of gold mining, and the companies who argon little or more(prenominal) environsally prudent. Generally, halcyon mining is the process of mining gold from the ground.Keywords Environment, Digging gold, pollution, responsible grand is ace of the most attractive and a highly valuable metal, known for decades. bills is utilize in repress of fields such as jewelry, dentistry, modern technological applications, in computer chips, lens move ups, investments, setting capital value and so on.(R. James Weick, 1994).Gold is found widespread in various natural substances such as, sea water, earths crust, sedimentary rocks rivers etcetera However, its overall concentration is very low (about 5 milligrams per gross ton of rock), rich concentrations of gold, trunking ore deposits, ar known n throughout the world.(Dr. efflorescence Birch).Gold mostly exist with opposite metals. such as lead, zinc, silver or copper and sometimes found free in nature. Gold takes place in variety of forms such as wire gold, nail gold, mustard gold , cay gold, disseminated, irregular grains, scales, plates and vein lets with microscopic dimensions, and as bounteousr compact, reticulated, spongy or hackly masses or slugs.(Dr. Bill Birch). So Gold mining is the process of mining gold ores from the ground. It is done in two types disseminate pit mining and underground mining. Gold Extraction procssTYPES OF POLLUTION GENERATED BY GOLD MININGnether the classification system presented in the section Major Areas of Environmental R egulation three pollution types are described, such as Air pollution, Land pollution and Water pollution. All these three pollutions are generated by the gold mining companies. Their effect on environment is discussed below Air pollution When pollutants are non diluted properly and are emitted into the atmosphere, called air pollution. The process used to rip metal, release very catastrophic toxins that cause pollution such as Lead, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Mercury, Zinc, Cadmium, and Uranium. These toxins can result in number of diseases to workers and the local people. The ingestion of such toxins may cause impaired vision, muscle weakness, kidney damage, nerve damage, anemia, metal fume fever etc. (No dirty gold motion). According to the US Toxics Release Inventory, the metal mining industry in the coupled States contributed the following, in 2010 * 92% of industrial mercury emissions* 94% of industrial arsenic emissions* 73% of known carcinogenic wasteWater pollution Water pollu tion occurs when pollutants are discharged into water bodies without the proper word to remove harmful compounds from water. Acid mine drainage, metal contamination, increased levels in streams are the major problems caused by mining to water. These problems affects domestic water supply, irrigation, swimming, fisheries, living organisms ,drinking and various other uses of streams. Acid rain ,caused by iron sulfide that mix with air and water, severe pollution hazard to ground water, surrounding soil and the surface water. (Pollution- issues- mining). Land pollution Land pollution means damage to land in any form such as, erosion, formation of sinkholes, deforestation, biodiversity loss, contamination of soil etc. (Wikipedia). Mining needs to clear a large part of the land to be dig, which means that area, can be created by harming vegetation and cutting trees. The chemicals used during mining process are leaked into the land that affect to land.The basic necessities of a living or ganism are land, water and air. If anyof these is affected, it creates problem for an organism. From above description on pollution effects on environment shows that all three are damaging to the environment equally. But the most endangering is the water pollution because political regulation that effectively concerns the problemThe three alternative memory accesses discussed in the textbook to address the pollution problems are Environmental problems, Market based Mechanisms, information disclosure, civil and criminal enforcement. Among these four approaches, information disclosure approach is more effective in case of mining industries to control environment pollution. Reasons in favor of data Disclosure approachUnder this approach firms are encourage by the government to pollute less by providing information about the amount of pollutant individual companies emit. The various acts like SARA- right to know law and TRI-Toxics Release Inventory provide information to the semipu blic, relating to the environment loss lead by a legitimate company. This approach is effective because no company wants to be criticized and embarrassed in the public.Role of NGOS and citizens movementsThe citizen movements and NGOs can play a vital in reducing the adverse environment effects of the mining companies. The case mention three types of NGO and citizens movements started to reduce the adverse environmental effects of gold mining companies. First is the Romanian citizens group called Alburnus Maiors that was initiated by the local farmer and the activist to block the construction of a new gold mine? Second, The Newmont Mining Company was sued by the villagers of Peru, after they were hurt by the mercury spill by a truck. Third, No Dirty Gold campaign was initiated by the Earthworks that were aimed for the jewelry retailers. (Lawrence & Weber, 2014). More and Less environmentally responsible companiesNumber of companies is mentioned in the case, for example Kennecott,Ti ffany, canon Resources and Free port McMoran. More responsible companies Among these companies, Kennecott and Tiffany are more responsible companies because Kennecott had made a public commitment to sustainability whereas Tiffany had made concern about its public image. Less responsible companies The companies that are less responsible are Canyon Resources and Freeport Mc Moran in Indonesia. The reason that makes Canyon Resources, less responsible is that it uses destructive methods to extract gold when citizens voted to ban cyanide heap-leach mining. Freeport Mc Moran in Indonesia appears to be doing business with weak environmental laws and enforcement. final stageGold digging and extraction process have a number of effects on environment. Gold mining is one of the most environmentally destructive industries in the world. (Lawrence & Weber, 2014). Following is the list and effects of pollution on environment.References1. R., James Weick. (1994). Natural Resources Government of Ne wfoundland and Labrador- Canada. Geological Survey Gold Occurrences. 2. Dr. Birch, Bill. Geology of Gold Formation of Gold Museum Victoria. 3. Prof. Kakharov, Abrol. (2013).Gold Extraction Process Diagram. 4. Lawrence, A. & Weber, J. Business and Society Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy (14th Ed.) Managing Environmental Issues. McGraw Hill. 5. No DirtyGoldCampaignAir carry on.http//nodirtygold.earthworksaction.org/impacts/air. 6. Wikipedia Environmental Impact of Mining.7. Mining Pollution Issues. www.pollutionissues.com/Li-Na/Mining.html.