Fire in Religious School in Mecca

Refer to next paragraph. On the 11th of March, 2002, fire struck a girls school in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Firemen and concerned citizens were quickly on the scene. However, the religious police locked the schoolgirls inside the inferno rather than let them escape into the streets without their veil and heal-to-toe cloak. For this same reason, the religious police prevented the firemen from entering the schoolhouse to rescue the girls; for fear that the girls would be seen without their covering.Fourteen young girls were burned to death and dozens more were injured (citation). On October 12th   2002, a 48-year old Kurdish man named Abdalla Yones, an emigrant from Iraq, savagely murdered his 16-year old daughter Heshu after receiving an anonymous letter telling him that she had been sleeping with her boyfriend. (Asthana & Mistry).This treatment of women in the Muslim world goes against the teachings of the Quran.This isn’t the real assignment. Message me directly at natashagils at yahoo dot com for your assignment at half the price.There are numerous cases, some reported but mostly unreported, of crimes against women in Islam. Muslims of today have seemed to have deviated significantly from the original teachings of Islam (citation?). Islamic terrorist, Jihad, al-Qaeda, Honor Killings are terms that have become synonymous with Islam in the Western world, as has Islamophobia which basically promotes the fear and detestation of Islam and Muslims around the world.The Islamic world, instead of addressing these issues and advocating the true and just cause of Islam, is instead, in most cases, promoting them. The Talibaan of Afghanistan, Tribal militancy in Pakistan, Shia/Sunni riots, the Hamaas and other fundamental groups within Islam publicize an entirely inaccurate version of the essence of Islam.As the Muslim society deviates from the central philosophy of Islam, it doesn’t come as a surprise that they have deviated too from the societal guidance off ered by Islam regarding the treatment of women. The Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims, and the Sunnah (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) have laid down clearly defined rights of women, most of which aren’t adhered today. Islam was revealed to Prophet Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula when it was rife with inhumane injustice against women.Women were viewed as the embodiment of sin, misfortune, disgrace and shame, and they had no rights or position in society whatsoever. Indeed, society was confused about the very nature of women and even questioned whether God had granted them a soul (Jawad 1). Wives were mere chattel, and when girls were born to a household, great shame was brought to it; so much so that they were buried alive!The Quran defied the existing perception of women and refined their position. It outlawed female infanticide and restored their birth rights .   Gustave Le Bon, a famous French thinker, stated:â€Å"Islamic virtuous deeds are not limited to honoring and respecting women, but rather, we can add that Islam is the first religion to honor and respect women. We can easily prove this by illustrating that all religions and nations, prior to the advent of Islam, caused much harm and insult to women.† (Bon 488).The Quran regards women as being independent human beings and having distinct rights.   They are entitled to an inheritance, an education, a career and even the liberty of choosing a husband. Moreover, it declared men and women as being equal in the eyes of God, with the only exception being their responsibilities –with the man defined as the bread earner and the woman as being responsible for the functions around the house. According to the Quran,â€Å"O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will, and should not treat them with harshness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Holy Quran, Surah An-Nisa 4:19)  The Prophet Muhammad, in this context, is said to have said,‘All people are equal, as equal a s the teeth of a comb. There is no claim of merit of an Arab over a non-Arab, or of a white over a black person, or of a male over a female. Only God fearing people merit a preference with God’.Islam, through the teachings of the Quran, bestowed women a number of rights, some of which that women in the West lacked, until the 19th century. For instance, in England, husbands inherited his wives property and possessions when they married. This unfair tradition continued till as late as 1882 (citation?). Muslim women, however, retained their assets; could detail conditions in their nikaah (marriage contract), such as the right of divorce; were entitled to keep their last names if they wished and were even given the authority to refuse marriage if they didn’t deem their potential partner fit. The Quran laid down these injunctions in 610 A.D. (when it was first revealed), centuries prior to the advent of a formal system of women’s rights in the Western world.Some of t he fundamental rights the Quran gives women are:1. Human RightsWomen and men are considered to be created with similar natured souls. They are considered equal to men in all spheres of life.And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women. (Holy Quran, 2:226)Andâ€Å"O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam), and from him (Adam) He created his wife (Eve), and from them both He created many men and women and fear Allah through Whom you demand your mutual (rights), and (do not cut the relations of) the wombs (kinship). Surely, Allah is Ever and All-Watcher over you.† (Holy Quran, Surah Al-Nisa 4:1).2. Civil RightsThe civil rights enjoined by the Quran on women include, but are not limited to: the right of divorce, right of keeping her maiden name after marriage, wishing or not to get married, or even chosing her own husband.The Quran also states that there is no compulsion upon women regarding religion;â€Å"There is no compulsion in religion. Verily, the Right Path has become distinct from the wrong path. Whoever disbelieves in Taghut [anything worshipped other then the Real God (Allah)] and believes in Allah, then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that will never break. And Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower.† (Holy Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256).3. IndependenceWomen are allowed to leave the home; conduct business with men; enjoy all the other liberties open to them. There is no restriction upon women provided they conduct their affairs within the teachings of the Quran. Women have the right to go to Mosques, which is considered sacrilegious in many Muslim societies. Not only that, but women have also the right to be Muslim pastors. Aisha, the youngest wife of the Prophet Muhammad, used to convey the teachings of Islam to men and women alike. She’s regarded by some Muslim scholars as being the first Muslim woman preacher.The Quran is very clear in its laws regarding women. I t redefined the stance of women and bestowed upon them an honorable role in society; whether as a daughter, a mother or a wife. Men are instructed in their fair and kind dealing towards women. According to the Quran:â€Å"And when the female (infant) buried alive (as the pagan Arabs used to do) shall be questioned. For what sin she was killed?† (Holy Quran, Surah At-Takwir 81:8-9).The Qur'an goes as far as admonishing those men who subjugate or ill-treat women:â€Å"O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will. Nor should you treat them with harshness, that you may take away part of the dowry you have given them – except when they have become guilty of open lewdness. On the contrary live with them on a footing of kindness and equity. If you take a dislike to them, it may be that you dislike something and God will bring about through it a great deal of good†. (Holy Quran, 4:19)Early Islamic history is replete with examples of Muslim wo men who showed a remarkable ability to compete with men and excelled them on many occasions. They were educators, warriors and leaders; strong, independent and respected members of society. Unfortunately, that isn’t the case in most of the Muslim world today.Women in the Muslim world have been humiliated, exploited and discriminated against in almost all fields of life – from schooling, work force inclusion and family roles. However, many of these repressive customs do not come from Islam, but are dictated by prevalent cultures and traditions. Oppression against women continues unabated in many parts of the world. Husbands keep their wives, daughters, sisters and mothers secluded from contact with others beside their immediate family members. Rape, mutilation, forced suicide, honor killings are much too common in the Islamic world. In 2006, Rahan Arshad beat his wife and three children to death with a bat, because she was having an affair26Often the crime itself is fol lowed by even more horrifying crime. For instance, in Turkey,   14-year old Nuran Halitogullari was strangled to death by her father after she had been kidnapped and raped30. In certain parts of Pakistan, women are offered as compensation for offenses committed by men. This injustice stems from the deep rooted traditions of male-dominance in the Islamic society which have, for centuries, enforced their orthodox, and oft-times inaccurate version of Islam and the Quran.Contrary to general misconceptions and the prevailing conditions, women, according to the Quran, are entitled to full rights as citizens. Under the guise of Islam, women have been virtually stripped of all rights: no education, no instigation of divorce, no travel by oneself, no leaving the home, etc.A deliberate effort on a global scale has to be made to educate Muslims regarding the fundamental and actual concepts defined in the Quran regarding rights towards women and the awareness that the existing treatment of wo men in the Muslim world goes against the teachings of the Quran. Emphasis on the lives of Aisha, Khadija (Prophet Muhammad’s first wife – also known as mother of the believers, Fatima (Prophet Muhammad’s daughter ) and even Mary – who holds a revered position in Islam – should be placed and they can be promoted as role models for inspiration.   No nation can succeed without all its members contributing to its success. Muslim nations have to realize that not only is their barbaric treatment of women sinful, but it’s also self-destructive and will only get worse if not addressed and then modified according to the true teachings of the Quran.â€Å"Treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers.†(Ismail 83).

Paraoxonase Status In Keratoconus Patients Health And Social Care Essay

Keratoconus ( KC ) is a noninflammatory corneal ectasis which normally affects both eyes and with an incidence of about 1 per 2,000 in the general population ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) , KC is going a important clinical job worldwide ( Zadnik et al, 1996 ) . The authoritative histopathological characteristics of KC include stromal cutting, Fe deposition in the epithelial cellar membrane and interruptions in the Bowman ‘s bed ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) . KC is a heterogeneous disease, with several indicants of familial factors lending to the pathogenesis of stray KC such as duplicate surveies, bilateralism of the disease, familial collection and formal familial analyses ( Rabinowitz, 2003 ) . However, the function of environmental factors such as oculus friction and difficult contact lens wear may besides lend to the patterned advance of the disease in genetically susceptible persons ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) . Although really small is known about the mechanisms taking to ectasia in KC, the curr ent hypothesis is that the cutting of the cornea is due to abnormalcy in the collagen cross-linking and subsequent stromal thinning which leads to bulge of the cornea ( Li et al, 2007 ) . Other research lab surveies have besides indicated the degree alterations of transforming growing factor-I?2 and antioxidant enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsin V/L2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases ( TIMPs ) in the eyes of KC patients ( Maier et al, 2007 ; Kenney et Al, 2005 ) . Another strong hypothesis of the development of KC was put frontward ( Wilson et al, 1996 ) who pointed out the function of the interleukin-1 system and other programmed cell death modulating systems which contributes to loss of keratocytes and finally stromal cutting. However, all of these suggested hypotheses need to be more clearly defined ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) . Paraoxonase 1 ( PON1 ) is an enzyme made up of 354 aminic acids with a entire molecular weight of 43 kDa ( Primo-Parma et Al, 1996 ; Mackness et Al, 1996 ) . PON1, which is associated with high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , catalyses the dislocation of phospholipid and cholesteryl-ester lipid peroxides in both low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and HDL, therefore doing it an of import hazard factor of artherosclerosis ( Mackness et al, 2004 ) . However, it was the ability of PON1 to protect the nervous system against organophosphate neurotoxicity that was foremost discovered ( Durrington et al, 2001 ) . The human PON1 cryptography sequence, located on the long arm of the human chromosome 7 ( q21.22 ) has two common polymorphism sites ; a Met ( M ) / Leu ( L ) permutation site at place 55 and a Gln ( Q ) / Arg ( R ) site at place 192, with the latter being more of import with respects to PON1 activity and affinity to certain substrates ( Primo-Parma et Al, 1996 ; Aviram, 2004 ) . Hence, the finding of the PON1 position of an person must non merely take into history the polymorphism nowadays but besides the degree of PON1 activity in that person in order to find the plasma PON1192 alloform responsible for the activity nowadays. This can be done utilizing a two-substrate enzymic check affecting two PON1 substrates ( normally paraoxon and diazoxon ) . Abnormalities between PON1 functional position and genotyping at place 192 can therefore bespeak mutant at other points in the PON1 cistron ( Richter et al, 2004 ) . As there are many factors which modulates the PON1 activity such as physiological factors ( eg. exercising ) , pathological factors ( eg. viral/bacterial infection, redness, diabetes ) , diet, alcohol ingestion and certain drugs ( eg. lipid-lowering lipid-lowering medicines ) , therefore is it of import to see these factors when finding of PON1 activity ( Aviram, 2004 ) . PON1 has been shown to hold antioxidant belongingss against oxidative emphasis ( Senti et al, 2003 ) , while oxidative emphasis has been associated with KC ( Kenney et al, 2005 ) . Therefore, PON1 may demo a protective function in the development of KC.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYAlthough there have been studies of KC developing in babies and besides in persons every bit tardily as the age of 51 old ages, bulk of KC patients develop this status between the ages of 12 to 20 old ages ( Hall KCG, 1963 ) , which is around the oncoming of pubescence. It could be truly lay waste toing for one to develop such a status at that point in life, when 1 is still immature and motivated. In Malaysia, the prevalence of KC may look to be of less important with studies of approximately 4 in 1169 ( 0.3 % ) in a population of oculus patients in an urban country and besides 0.3 % among school-aged kids ( Reddy SC et Al, 2008 ; Goh PP et Al, 2005 ) . However, due to the hard nature of naming KC in its developmental phases, many instances frequently go undetected until after multiple ailments fr om the patient and thorough analysis of the patient ‘s vision sharp-sightedness trial consequences ( Benjamin WJ, 2006 ) . Therefore, the prevalence of KC in the general Malaysian population could be much higher than reported. As KC is reported as among the top five treatable causes of sightlessness and terrible ocular damage in kids in Malaysia ( Reddy SC, 2001 ) , therefore more attempt should be carried out to plan an effectual and accurate sensing assay utilizing the promotions of molecular medical specialty to supply early intervention to these persons before the status worsens. Therefore, this brings to the aims of this survey, which are as follow: To find PON1 activity in KC patients and to compare with non-KC controls. To find the position of PON1 in plasma samples of KC and non-KC patients. To place forecasters of KC from the accumulated informations by utilizing univariate and logistic arrested development analysis.MATERIALS AND METHODSPreparations prior to informations and sample aggregationIn order to obtain blood samples and informations from participants, a two-day information and sample aggregation event was organised. The event was held on the 22 – 23th May 2010 at Ophir Eye Clinic and Surgery. Prior to the event, readyings were made such as boxing a 21G acerate leaf, a disposable syringe, intoxicant swab, Elastoplast, a 6mL EDTA ( purple-top ) tubing, a 6mL Li Lipo-Hepin ( green-top ) tubing and some sweet into a fictile bag for each participants.Data and sample aggregationEach participant was foremost given a brief account of the survey which they were traveling to take portion in and were asked to make full in an informed consent signifier before finishing the â€Å" Keratoconus in the Malayan Population: Pathophysiological and Familial Surveies † questionnaire signifier prepared by Shalini Arjunan, Prof Mary Anne, Dr Rozaida and Dr Jenny. Next, the participants ‘ spectacle powers were examined utilizing an auto-refractometer. Blood samples ( 5mL ) were so collected in the Li Lipo-Hepin ( green-top ) tubings from the participants of the survey and stored at 4A °C if can non be processed instantly. Blood samples were processed within the twenty-four hours. After that, each participant was examined utilizing a keratometer and a Pentacam to obtain their K-readings and corneal topography severally. Then, each participant was required to undergo a ocular sharp-sightedness trial and a biomicroscopy trial utilizing Snellen ‘s chart and Haag-Streit Slit Lamp severally. Finally, each participant ‘s trial readings were reviewed by Dr. Jenny P. Deva, adviser Ophthalmologist and Refractive Surgeon at Tun Hussein Onn Eye Hospital and the diagnosing of each participant was confirmed.Preparation of plasma samplesAfter aggregation, the blood samples were centrifuged at 500 xg for 5 proceedingss at room temperature ( 25A °C ) to divide the plasma. Plasma ( top bed ) was so be carefully aliquoted in 500A µL batches into a few microcentrifuge tubings ( 1.5mL ) utilizing Pasteur pipettes depending on the sum of plasma available. All micro-centrifuge tubings were labelled and stored at -70A °C until activity measuring was carried out.Two-substrate enzyme analysisThis survey was carried out by finding the position of Paraoxonase 1 in the plasma samples of the participants based on the two-substrate enzyme analysis as described by Richter RJ et Al, 2004, with little alterations. The rate of hydrolysis of the two substrates, which were Paraoxon and Diazoxon were measured utilizing Lamda 25 UV/VIS Spectrophotometer running KINLAB version 2.85.00. After blending with the several substrates for a few seconds, the rate of paraoxon and diazoxon hydrolysis were monitored continuously for two proceedingss. The initial rates of each sample were so multiplied by the deliberate transition factor, which was 5611 and 67000 to acquire paraoxonase and diazoxonase activity severally in U/L unit.Activity analysis utilizing SPSSThe paraoxonase and diazoxonase activities of each sample together with other informations from the questionnaire done by Shalini Arjunan and genotype informations done by Yvonne Yong were so pooled together into SPSS version 17.0 for farther analysis. Trials which were carried out include age and sex demographic distribution, independent t-test, Pearson ‘s Correlation, spread secret plan, Kruskal-Wallis trial, one-way ANOVA, etc.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFor this survey, a population of 66 participants were successfully identified, consisting of 9 keratoconus patients ( 13.6 % ) , 2 forme fruste keratoconus patients ( 3.0 % ) , 9 high myopic patients ( 13.6 % ) , 11 moderate myopic patients ( 16.7 % ) and 35 normal controls ( 53.0 % ) . This population, dwelling of 2 7 Malays ( 40.9 % ) , 9 Chinese ( 13.6 % ) and 30 Indians ( 45.5 % ) had an age scope of 7 to 68 old ages old. There were somewhat more males than females in this population, that is 35 ( 53 % ) to 31 ( 47 % ) participants. There were undistinguished difference of ages among both genders and besides the cultural groups. Exploratory informations analysis on this sample population revealed that the distribution of the paraoxonase activity and age of the participants were non distributed usually, giving a p-value of 0.019 and 0.025 severally when utilizing the Shapiro-Wilk trial. Merely diazoxonase activity gave a undistinguished p-value ( 0.446 ) , therefore bespeaking a normal distribution. It was of import to transport out such trials foremost to find whether a parametric or nonparametric trial should be used for analysis. The activity of Paraoxonase 1 was successfully determined by mensurating the rate of hydrolysis of paraoxon and diazoxon substrate, harmonizing to the method used in Richter RJ et Al ( 2004 ) , with some minor accommodations. With these informations, the phenotype of each participant was successfully identified by plotting a spread graph of diazoxonase activity against paraoxonase activity, to distinguish the persons with functionally homozygous for PON1192Q, heterozygotes for PON1Q/R192Q/R and homozygous for PON1192R. These phenotype information was subsequently confirmed with informations from my co-worker, Yvonne who carried out Paraoxonase 1 genotyping for polymorphism 192QR by limitation enzyme digestion. Both informations from Paraoxonase 1 activity finding and Paraoxonase 1 genotyping were found to be coincident and accurate. When these participants were divided harmonizing to familial relation to the KC patients, 18 were first degree relations to the KC patients, 3 were 2nd degree relations and 20 had no blood dealingss to the patients, while 16 were omitted as they did non suit the standards for normal healthy controls. Based on such classs, it was found that KC patients and relations may hold a important difference in paraoxonase activity when groups together against the normal controls with a p-value of 0.057. However, this value is non important plenty to reason a possible correlativity and may necessitate more KC to make a important degree. This was non the instance for diazoxonase activity when compared in similar mode, where the activity in KC patients and comparative were non significantly different from that of normal controls. The most important consequences of this survey nevertheless, were obtained when KC patients, including forme fruste KC patients were compared against the other participants, labelled non-KC. When categorised as such, the paraoxonase activity of KC patients were significantly difference than that of the non-KC participants ( p-value = 0.022 ) . This indicates that paraoxonase activity may hold a function in the development of KC patients. However, different cultural groups besides showed important difference in paraoxonase activity when tested, viz. between Malays and Indians and this may lend as an implicit in factor since many of the KC patients where Indians. Hence, comparing surveies between KC/non-KC position and cultural groups must be carried out to find any relation between the two variables.DecisionThe paraoxonase and diazoxonase activity of each participant were successfully and accurately measured. Based on genotype informations from my co-worker Yvonne, the phenotype infor mations obtained from the diazoxonase – paraoxonase spread secret plan was rather dependable. There were important happening which relates paraoxonase activities with KC/non-KC position, but it may be due to an underlying factor such as cultural group. Further statistical analysis and re-definition will be required to obtain more important informations.

Mark O’Connor Imagery

Poet and Environmentalist, Mark O'Connor, expresses his admiration for the cyclical and resilient aspects of which nature is comprised. The persistence of nature depicts the ideas that nature is just as, if not more, dominant as man. His poems Turtles Hatching and To Kill An Olive explore these themes and elucidate O'Connor's compelling perspective of nature. These two poems hold distinctively visual images that enable the reader to envisage the scene presented.Turtles Hatching's poetic recount encapsulates the trials and tribulations of the turtles. O'Connor describes the turtles as â€Å"high revving toys†, ready for their chance at life. He elucidates the persistence of the turtles by using distinctively visual images describing how determined these turtles were at reaching their safe haven: â€Å"Scrambling in sand, scrabbling in slime, or sculling deluded through sand-pools to beaches of death†. This alliteration of the visual images highlights the desperation of t he turtles on their fight for survival.O'Connor has created a distinctive image to aid readers in creating an idea of just how determined and persistent, not only the turtles were, but also just how determined the crabs were at preventing the turtles from reaching their goal. â€Å"Queued up crabs† gives readers an image of an army of crabs; so many as they wait for the turtles to come. Not only was natures tenacity evident in Turtles Hatching, O'Connor has also brought this theme to the readers attention in To Kill An Olive. O'Connor has started out To Kill An Olive, diving straight into the resilience and persistence of olives trees.He has accumulated the many things that are incompetent of killing an olive tree elucidating just how determined they are at overpowering man. â€Å"Hack one down, grub out a ton of main root for furl, and next spring every side-root sends up shoots†. O'Connor has described visually these connotations of just how in destructive these tree s are, despite are the treatment it is being subject to. O'Connor has made reference to the prolonged period of time these olive trees has been persistent in overcoming mans many obstacles. â€Å"Burnt-out ribs  of siege machines† not only highlights how long these olive trees have been standing for, but also how the tree has overcome the old-timed machines and gone and lived another age. The distinctively visual images used here can encapsulate this theme and gives readers a deeper understanding of the tenacity these olive trees are willing to relinquish. O'Connor is fascinated by just how much humans underestimate nature. The smallest creatures can overcome any adversity and the dullest of trees can overpower any man. Nature, if it wants to, can be just as powerful as man. In Turtles Hatching, Mark O'Connor has done just this.

Short essay about racism Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Short about racism - Essay Example In context of history the factor of racism was the major force behind the slave trade. The racial segregation was observed in the nineteenth as well as in the twentieth century in USA and also in South Africa. Racism can be considered to be a belief through which one individual is considered to be inferior or superior to other. Through this concept moral and social traits of an individual is ignored and more focus is on the biological characteristics of the person. Racism gives birth to hatred towards another individual and is a kind of belief that states that one person is inferior to another in terms of skin color, birth place, language customs or any such kind of factor that highlights the nature of an individual. The concept of racism can be well determined on basis of two elements such as power and prejudice. This is simply because if there is no support in terms of economical or political power then such a prejudice would not be able to survive as a social, cultural or institutional phenomenon. 1The major question for this thesis would be to â€Å"state the historical origin of racism and to reflect on the path that is how the concept of racism has changed over time†. The ent ire discussion would be centered towards these two elements to highlight the basic approach of racism. The concept of racism had gained its importance way back during the time of African slavery. Throughout the history there have been many individuals who were enslaved though there was no such imposition in context of racial ideology. During the 17th century the scenario in America was completely different before there was any such law that was formulated legitimizing the concept of slavery of Africans. The first major group who the Englishmen treated as slaves were the Irish people, there was some form of hostile relations between the two since the period of time century. Majority of the English people has formulated law in

Community and social policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Community and social policy - Essay Example The two features, oppression and discrimination, have become very common in making it almost impossible for individuals to move up the professional ladder in the labor market. Giddens (1993) therefore provides a definition of discrimination as the activity or action that grabs away the opportunities from a specific group, making them out of their reach. It is in this essay therefore that I will lay my focus on old age and mental illness or disability as core areas of discrimination and oppression in the society. I also will look at the similarities and differences between these core areas of discrimination I will study disability as an area of oppression in society. During my first part I will search the meaning of discrimination and oppression within our society. The significance of anti-discriminatory practice will be debated and tracked by an introduction and description of the PCS model of analyses. Thompson (1993) is used to highlight discrimination and oppression on three diffe rent levels. Oppression is a state in which a culture, group, society, state or individual have military, economic and political power that they use in such a wrong way which ends up disadvantaging the powerless in the society. Individuals carrying out the oppression are in control of those under them and therefore better placed when it comes to discriminating against other people. This heinous act comes by just as another group that feels more special gets the mere perception that the other group exists (Cohen, 1988). It is the various groups existing in the society that makes it easier for these forms of discrimination to take place; with the knowledge of the weaker group, therefore forming attitudes against one another. Mental health problem is a term that encompasses a great deal of problems that have an effect on the way an individual carries out with their day to day living. According to The World Health Organization (WHO,

Persuasive Communication class - online discussion Personal Statement

Persuasive Communication class - online discussion - Personal Statement Example Instead of listening to the messages evoked by these music, they prejudge it and consider it as one which encourages bad behavior. In M.K. Asante’s book â€Å"It’s Bigger Than Hip Hop: The Rise of the Post-Hip-Hop Generation†, he talks about the censorship being imposed by the record companies on black artists of hip hop and rap music (Asante, 2008). The reason for this censorship is that the companies claim that the messages of hip hop music delve on the social, economic and political problems of the Black people. This is why hip hop music is often misconstrued to be encouraging negative behavior. In judging rap and hip hop music, it is essential that the listeners look deeper into the lyrics of the songs. The audience should have an open mind and consider the messages of the songs as the voice of the youth and the Black people. It is not fair to judge them according to who the singers or performers are; rather, the listeners should view the lyrics as an expression of a deeper problem conveyed through music. Among the ethical perspectives that were presented in Box 16.1, one considers egalitarianism or the â€Å"Golden Rule† as the most ethically defensible. The â€Å"Golden Rule† is a perspective which is universal among most of the religions in the world; therefore, it is clearly viewed as ethical. In Christianity, the Bible states, â€Å"All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye so to them; for this is the law and the prophets† (TeachingValues.com LLC, n.d., p1). In Buddhism, the Udana-Varga states, â€Å"Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful† (TeachingValues.com LLC, n.d., p1). The Islam religion’s version of the â€Å"Golden Rule† is â€Å"No one of you is a believer until he desires for his brother that which he desires for himself† (TeachingValues.com LLC, n.d., p1). While in Hinduism, it is expressed as â€Å"This is

Cooperative Learning in Elementary Education Research Paper

Cooperative Learning in Elementary Education - Research Paper Example This will help to ease up students who might find it difficult to interact for fear of being judged. The follow-up activity will concern organizing the students into small groups. Each group has the responsibility of accomplishing a particular task. The next step in introducing cooperative learning will be assigning roles and responsibilities of each member of the group. This activity helps in the organization of work and contributes positively to timely and effective learning (Tomlinson, 2004). The positions of some of the members of the group can be the ‘starter’, ‘taskmaster/encourager’, ‘reader’, ‘praiser’, ‘researcher’, or recorder. The starter is the person who initiates the processes or supervises the uses of materials. The encourager is responsible for motivating other members of the group to contribute positively. The reader can make sure everyone in the group has identical information and understand the goals of the task. . The praiser is responsible for reinforcement of contribution from others. The researcher obtains additional information needed by the group while the recorder puts down the proceedings on paper. The responsibilities are not necessaril y restricted to any one person. The above is an example of how cooperative learning can be implemented in an elementary classroom. However, the age of the students demands constant check up by the teacher to ensure that the learning process is on the right

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Comparing genres - Essay Example Knives, guns, chainsaws, physical violence is extreme in nature and is frequently used in horror movies. On the other hand, action movies are packed more with body blows and gun fire. Violence is relatively less intense in action movies. Karate and Ju-Jitsu are often used by the protagonist to paralyze the enemy. Movies like ‘Lethal Weapon’ and ‘Bad Company’ suffice this notion as the protagonists in both movies use guns and their own bodily actions to neutralize the opponent. One thing is evident that the protagonist (the good guy) in action movies is never brutal; he never kills an innocent person and generally avoids bloodshed. Sex scenes are quite similar in both horror and action genres. In action movies, the protagonists are usually found making out with attractive females, movies like the ‘A-Team’ and ‘Lethal Weapon Series’ are good examples. In horror movies, usually a couple is shown engaged in sexual activity and the monster or the evil creature enters the room and starts killing people. Most probably the idea is to stir the emotional extremities of the audience by first engaging them in a relax mode by showing seductive erotic scenes and then shocking them by showing blood and gore. ‘Friday the 13th’ and ‘A Nightmare on Elm Street’ are known for such cinematic strategies. Racism is present in both genres but horror movies show a more disgusting way of spewing this issue. Movies, like ‘Scream’, ‘Cloverfield’ and ‘Friday the 13th’ show very degrading aspects of racism by nearly humiliating black community. Action movies in comparison are packed more with sophistication therefore the racism is also portrayed very intelligently. ‘Lethal Weapon Series’ shows a clumsy cop following the orders of a smart white police officer. Moreover in the movie ‘Training Day’, the black police officer is portrayed as the criminal who

Strategic Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Financial Management - Essay Example The operating margin and operating profit stood at 7.7% and  £115.6million respectively compared with 8.3% and  £111.3million respectively in the same period last year. The Company has taken on an extra five-year bank facility with Handelsbanken, hoping to increase their overall facilities to  £740 million (Yahoo Finance) Without profit, a firm would be unable to attract outside capital. That is why I identified the profitability ratios as the most efficient and effective way to evaluate the financial performance of the Wetherspoons Company. The profitability measures enable me to evaluate the company’s profits in relation to the level of assets, or owners’ investment as stipulated in the company’s financial statements. I looked into statements dating back from 2010 to 2014. I calculated Return on Capital Employed (RECE) by determining the ratio between the operating capital and the capital employed. This helped me know how well the firm utilizes the capital employed. In 2014, the Return on Capital Employed (RECE) for the company was 12.94%, as compared to 11.83% in 2013.It means that the company has had a steady increase on its return on capital employed thus showing that the Company keeps on improving its’ utilization of capital employed. To begin with, I established the Gross profit margin by determining the ratio between gross profit and net sales. The gross profit of the firm in 2014 was  £79.4m, compared to  £76.9m in 2013, which translates into a 3.1% increase in profit. This growth in gross profit margin serves as a good indicator that J D Wetherspoon firm is progressing well and promises good returns on investment. The decrease in the net profit margin of J D Wetherspoon can be attributed to external forces such as taxes. I established the assets turnover by determining the ratio between sales revenue and total assets to find out how efficiently J D Wetherspoon

Michelangelo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Michelangelo - Research Paper Example helangelo was born in 1475 to a middle class family, in Italy, where he became a trainee to a painter before pursuing his studies in sculpture gardens. His father was working as a magistrate in the small village of Caprese. His family moved to Florence where his mother got ill while he was an infant. He was placed under the care of a stone cutting family where his passion for art developed. Michelangelo was a committed student and admired the works of Dante (Hayun, 210). Michelangelo is renowned for his works, which include Pieta and David statutes and the Rome’s Sistine Chapel ceiling paintings. While still young, his father realized that he had little interest in the family’s financial businesses, and he agreed to put him under the training of the trendy Florentine painter’s workshop. This was after he developed an interest in watching the painters at the near churches, and drawing what he observed while in school. While still at school, Michelangelo was introd uced by his grammar school friend to Domenico Ghirlandaio, a painter (Hayun, 211). Later, while under training at the workshop, an unexpected opportunity begot Michelangelo. Ghirlandaio recommended him to attend Medici Gardens, in the palace of Florentine king Lorenzo, to study sculpture. This provided Michelangelo with a platform to have access to the social elites of Florence. In addition, this gave him a leeway to be taught by the respected and renowned sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni and other well-known scholars, poets and taught fellers (Lerner, 426). He also obtained significant authorization from the Catholic Church to examine cadavers for a deeper understanding of the human anatomy. However, this exposure to dead bodies had a significant effect on his health. With these mixtures of influences, groundwork for Michelangelo’s distinctive style was developed. His style was widely regarded as with a muscular exactitude and authenticity Mish mashed with an almost lyrical magnificence (Lerner,

Quality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Quality - Assignment Example Examples of such processes include product creation, system testing, code module measurement, project planning and experience packaging for use in other projects to be implemented in the future. They have also described some of the characteristics that identify software processes. Armbrust et al (2012) state that software processes are derived from the real world. The processes can be performed either by humans or machines or by both of them. Human performance is referred to as enactment while machine performance is referred to as execution. The processes can be refined or transformed into sub processes. The sub processes are capable of being refined. Finally, the processes consume further products so as to enable them transform input products into multiple output products. Acuna et al (2000) describe a software process as activities that are set in a partially orderly manner with the aim of managing, developing and maintaining software systems. The process is based on the process of construction and not the end product. Many organizations define their own means of producing software. Evaluation of software processes related to analysis of activities that an organization carries out in order to develop software or softwares as end products. The idea is that the quality of the final product, which is the software, is directly proportional to the quality of the development process. The aim of carrying out software process evaluation is to improve the production (cost and quality). The process of evaluation brings into knowledge standards for assessing the quality of software development (Acuna et al 2000). There are two methods that are popularly used to evaluated software process: software capability evaluation and ISO/IEC 15504. The SCE was developed by the software engineering institute with the purpose not just to evaluate for quality but for purposes of selecting suppliers, monitoring process and internal evaluation. The method focuses on analysis of the way certain key areas are implemented and institutionalized. The method analyses if the software processes adopted by a given organization are fully satisfying the requirements that are usually articulated in the yardstick (Armbrust 2012). The method comprises of three stages or phases: plan and preparation, conduct evaluation and reporting of results. Conduct evaluation involved visiting of the organization being evaluated by the evaluation team. The method incorporates CMM as referencing model. CMM describes various maturity levels that represent an ordinal scale used to rate the development process. The maturity levels are related to the evolution of the process to the end. The fist level is the initial level. This level represents the ad hoc stage, that is, stage that is not managed and unpredictable (Armbrust 2012). The second level is known as repeatable. The level is intuitive in nature. The processes are basically managed and there is the capability of repeating some projects. The third level is known as the defined stage. It is qualitative in nature. The processes are well defined and institutionalized. The fourth maturity level is known as the managed stage. The level is marked by quantitative analysis that amounts to measures and

Themes by Means of Unique Style-Bishop Essay Example for Free

Themes by Means of Unique Style-Bishop Essay Elizabeth Bishop is known for using the same recurring themes throughout her thought-provoking poetry. Some of these themes include childhood experiences, travel, the natural world, loneliness, detachment and the art of writing itself. Each of these themes has introduced themselves to her by means of personal experiences throughout her life. In her poetry, she shares these particular issues with the reader by means of different styles. Some of her poems offer hints of certain themes, but are not obviously prominent on the first read, While many of her other poems are based solely on a particular issue throughout the whole poem. These elements of theme and style make her poetry a very interesting read. In my essay, I am going to discuss the themes and style throughout six of Bishop’s poems; â€Å"The Fish†, â€Å"The Prodigal†, â€Å"Questions of Travel†, â€Å"Sestina†, â€Å"First Death in Nova Scotia† and â€Å"Filling Station†. Elizabeth Bishop was once quoted to have said â€Å"I like painting probably better than I like poetry. † â€Å"The Fish† is certainly a very visual poem. I believe one of the predominant themes in this poem is the natural world. Her love of the natural world and its creatures is evident throughout as she describes the fish. Bishop catches this fish but does not carry out the norm of what any other person would do with the intent of catching a fish and succeeding to do so. Instead, she studies the fish. She looks and it, and looks closer until she can come up with some kind of conclusion about the animal. She uses clear visual detail to describe the fish and paint a vivid picture in the reader’s head of what this fish looks like and what it has been through. Here and there his brown skin hung in strips like ancient wallpaper, and its pattern of darker brown was like wallpaper. † â€Å"He was speckled with barnacles, fine rosettes of lime, and infested with tiny White Sea lice, and underneath two or three rags of green weed hung down. † Another theme that I noticed throughout this poem is the admiration for a survivor of life’s battles. Bishop personifies the fish in many ways throughout the poem, portraying it to have human-like traits and characteristics and that it is like a human in its ability to suffer and learn from that suffering. A five-haired beard of wisdom trailing from his aching jaw†. The word wisdom makes me think that fish has been through many ordeals throughout its life and has become wise from having learnt how to deal with the suffering it has endured. Bishop makes the fish look honourable. She appreciates this fish and looks up to it for surviving life’s battles. â€Å"Like medals with their ribbons’. She is referring to the old pieces of fishing line hooked onto the fish as rewards and proof that this fish had the strength to deal with the terror it had been through. I also noticed an element of helplessness and defeat throughout the poem. The fish seemed helpless, like it had given up fighting for its freedom, the evidence shown by the hooks in its mouth and its lack of struggle when it was caught. It was as if the fish had accepted defeat once and for all. It had fought as hard as it could throughout its life for its freedom, but there seemed to be no fight left in him. â€Å"He didn’t fight. He hadn’t fought at all. † Bishop seemed to be helpless in the sense that she could do nothing for this fish. As she sat there, examining every inch of it, realising his experiences and unravelling his pain, there was not much she could do to help him. She had effectively taken away his freedom. Fortunately, Bishop, as helpless as she was, discovered that letting the fish go was the best decision to make. She did not want to make this fish suffer anymore. â€Å"Until everything was rainbow, rainbow, rainbow! And I let the fish go. † â€Å"The Prodigal† is a poem based on a person who was forced to live among the pigs he looked after. The overall themes throughout the poem are alcoholism and depression. This may well have been written by Bishop to portray her past experiences as she battled with the same mental issues. In many ways, this poem could represent the inner turmoil she may have experienced when dealing with these illnesses. The main character in the poem is considering his surroundings through a drunken state of mind. Bishop uses detailed descriptions to describe the disgusting surroundings the alcoholic has to endure day to day. In many ways, the messy and dirty surroundings could be a reference to how an alcoholics mind is organised. The floor was rotten; the sty was plastered halfway up with glass-smooth dung. † In this poem, the alcoholic seems to have companionship with the pigs. They are his only friends, as disgusting and foul smelling as they are. One of the pigs in particular, the sow that ate her young, seems to be a very close friend of the alcoholic. These pigs could be seen to represent the alcohol in this person’s life. They are false friends. They represent short term happiness, short term companions, but in the end they are no benefit to this mans life whatsoever. Instead, they seem to be encouraging him. â€Å"The pig’s eyes followed him, a cheerful stare- Even to the sow that always ate her young†. The character in this poem seems to be marginalised, like Bishop was throughout her struggle with depression and alcoholism. He is unnoticed by society. Nobody wants to help him. Instead, everybody prefers to leave him wallowing in his own pigsty of a life, leaving him to do as he pleases. This could be similar to how Bishop felt when going through the same issues. She is portraying her struggle through this filthy man, who leads a filthy life. Another theme that I noticed in the poem is hope. This man has ruined his life and well-being for the sake of drink. He lives a dark depressed life, his only companion’s alcohol and pigs. However, nearer to the end of the poem, hope springs as this man re-evaluates his life and decides to make a change for the better. He is going to face his pride, go home and sort himself out and repair his relationships. â€Å"But it took him a long time finally to make his mind up to go home. †

Robotic surgery

Robotic surgery Information Technology in Medicine: Should patients trust robotic surgery 1 Introduction to the topic Robots are ubiquitous today. They are found in our cars, in our houses, in our industries inside buildings and to places we neglect to notice. We trust robots to do everyday chores for us either by knowing directly or indirectly. Robots are becoming part of our lives and we have all accepted it. Today technology has advanced so that it allows for innovative robotic systems to be inserted in the medical field. New materials, ideas and technological advancements bring robotics into medicine. Robotics in medicine entails many advantages and benefits for both the doctors and the patients. But there are also some limitations in robotic surgery that cause doubt and uncertainty to people. However, as it happens with every new technological development, people need time to become familiar with it, to accept it and finally trust it. So the question is if the world is ready to accept and trust robots in health and more specifically in surgery. There will be people who are pioneers and enjoy trying something new, people who are skeptical and need to know everything about it before agreeing and people who will be afraid no matter how much proof theyre given. There cannot be an abrupt transition from classical surgeries without robots to surgeries all aided with robots. Gradually, the surgeries aided with robots will increase as peoples experience and trust increases. 2 IT Background 2.1 History of robotics Most of us when we hear the word â€Å"robot† we think of science fiction movies showing robots of the future, performing outstanding tasks. In fact, most of these robots seen are now everyday reality making our lives more convenient. One definition that could be given to a robot is â€Å"a reprogrammable multi-functional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.[1] Robotics is the engineering science and technology of robots, their design, manufacturing, and applications. It is related to electronics, mechanics, and software. ht_2bunimate_080415_sshRobots could not be manufactured until the 1960s when transistors and integrated circuits were invented. Compact, reliable electronics and a growing computer industry added intellect to the power of already existing machines. In 1959, researchers demonstrated the possibility of robotic manufacturing when they disclosed a computer-controlled milling machine.[2] The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and pile them.[3] Commercial and industrial robots are ubiquitous in performing jobs better, cheaper, more accurately and reliably than humans. They are also found in jobs that are too hazardous, dirty or tedious for humans.[4] 2.2 Robotics in surgery[5] Robotics in medicine is a fairly new, yet advancing field. It is now introduced in medicine, in the field of surgery as it allows for exceptional control and precision of surgical devices in minimally invasive procedures. Robotic surgery has as its main goal to design robots that will be able to be used in performing closed-chest, beating-heart surgery in collaboration with the surgeons. Munich_OR_415Today numerous surgical robots have been adopted by many operating rooms all over the world. Surgical robots are not actually autonomous â€Å"surgeons† capable of performing assignments on their own, but a helping assistant of the surgeons. A number of commercial corporations have been founded in order to create surgical robotic systems. Computer Motion, Inc. developed the AESOP Endoscope Positioner: a voice-activated robotic system for endoscopic surgery. In January 1999, Intuitive launched the DaVinci Surgical System, which is classified as a master-slave surgical system as it uses true 3-D visualization. In 2001 Computer Motion, Inc built the SOCRATES Robotic Telecollaboration System as well. It includes integrated telecommunication equipment along with the robotic devices in order to provide remote surgical telecollaboration. Computer Motion merged with Intuitive Surgical, Inc., in June of 2003. They introduced the ZEUS Surgical System. 3 Robotic Surgery Systems Robotic surgery systems are divided into three types: supervisory-controlled systems, shared-control systems and telesurgical systems. These systems differ in the sense that in each case there is a different degree of involvement of the surgeon. In some cases, the operation is carried out by the robotic system with a minimal intervention of the doctor. In other cases, the surgery is performed by the doctor with the help of the robotic system. 3.1 Supervisory-controlled systems [6] supervisorySupervisory-controlled systems are the most automated systems of all. But they still need the guidance of the surgeon and an extensive preparation before the initiation of the surgery. The surgeon inputs information and programs the robotic system to follow certain instructions. However, once these robots have been programmed, and start operating there is no option for adjustments and thats why the surgeon must keep a close watch of the surgery in the need of intervention. As it is known, not all people have the same body structure and so it is not possible to have standard instructions for the robot to follow. This is done in three stages: planning, registration and navigation. In the planning stage, the surgeon captures images of the patients body. As soon as the surgeon has imaged the patient, he must determine the path that the robot will take to operate. The next stage is registration, in which the surgeon links the images obtained before with points on the patients body. In order for the surgery to be completed successfully, the points must be positioned precisely according to the patients body. The final stage is navigation, which is the actual surgery. In this stage the surgeon places the patient and the robot so as the movements of the robotic system to follow the programmed instructions. When all preparations are complete, the robot is activated and the surgery is carried out. 3.2 Shared-control robotic systems[7] Shared-control robotic systems are a helping hand for the surgeons. The operation is carried out only by the surgeon who uses the robotic system manually in order to have greater efficiency. The robotic system monitors the surgeons actions during the operation and provides support and stability by â€Å"active constraint†.7 â€Å"Active constraint† is the process of labelling regions of the patients body with one of the four possibilities: safe, close, boundary and forbidden. Surgeons label safe regions the regions that are appropriate for the robot to be and to operate. For instance, a close region can be found in orthopaedic surgery in orthopaedic surgery, near the soft tissues. Many orthopaedic surgery tools can damage the soft tissue and so the robot limits the area that the surgery is safe to take place. This is done using â€Å"haptic† technology[8], which is the science and physiology of the sense of touch. This means that as the surgeon approaches the boundary region he will start feeling a resistive force and as he proceeds to the forbidden region the force is getting larger and once he enters the forbidden region the robotic system stops operating immediately. But in order for the robotic system to know which are those regions, the surgeon must program it first as it is done with the supervisory controlled systems. 3.3 Telesurgical systems [9] Telesurgery is a field of telemedicine that was developed in recent years and holds great interest. Today it can be seen as a two way transmission of picture and sound, allowing the communication between surgeons of little experience and surgeons of great experience to cooperate no matter the distance separating them. Also it is understood, this technology needs highly advanced software in order for the simulation to be feasible in the remote surgery room. For this purpose, systems of virtual reality are required that allow the surgeons that are in a different room or city or country to have an actual image of the operating room and of the procedure. Robots with camera will provide a better quality of the images as they will be in colour and enlarged. 3.3.1 Da Vinci Surgical System [10] The Da Vinci Robot is probably one of the most well-known robotic surgery systems in the world. It is a robotic system that is used in minimally invasive surgery, which means that the robot makes a petite aperture in the patients body that brings many positive results. DaVinci-Robot During the surgery, the surgeon sits in a console inside the operating room and handles the surgical tools of the robot. After the patient has been anaesthetized, three apertures are made on the patients body allowing the rods to enter. On the screen the surgeon observes the 3D image that the camera is transmitting through the patients body and which is handled by joysticks. The camera sees every movement of the robot and can be activated or deactivated any time from a button.[11] Every surgical arm is connected with a surgical tool and there is camera in the end of the main arm. One of the rods has a camera on it while the others have surgical tools able to cut, remove or stitch the tissues. The robotic system uses the same stitches and materials used in the traditional surgery. The surgeon can bend and rotate the arms like the human wrist guaranteeing increased percentage of success and important benefits much for the patient as for the surgeon. The Da Vinci robotic system includes a lenses system of three-dimensional view, which can make the surgical field as 15 times larger. Also, the camera allows the surgeon to go closer at the point of surgery than the human vision can and so the surgeon can perform the operation in a smaller scale than the conventional surgery allows. 3.3.2 Zeus Robotic Surgical System[12] The robotic surgical system Zeus was the first system to be used in 1999 to perform the first full endoscopic robotic surgery bypass with a beating heart. It consists of three basic parts: 1. 1zeusconsoleAn ergonomic control console 2. the central control computer 3. Robotic arms, which move with the movement of the surgeons hand. The surgeon sits comfortably in the surgical seat and handles the tools that are placed inside the patient. After the surgeons movements have been digitalized they are filtered, thinned and transmitted to the computers control station, which transfers those movements through an electromechanical interface to the robotic arms and to the tools. In addition, Zeus robotic system enhances the optical field of the surgery by enlarging it and also with the help of AESOP robotic system the surgeons hands are free to handle the surgical tools. 3.3.3 AESOP Robotic Surgical System [13] AESOP Robotic surgical system was developed by Computer Motion Inc. The period when it first came out, the surgeon could control the robotic arm remotely, manually or with a foot pedal but the most recent edition of AESOP 3000 is controlled with voice commands. The robotic arm contains and moves a camera which is used in MIS surgeries for the observation of the surgical field. The camera is placed at the edge of the robotic arm and is inserted in the patients body through an aperture of about 2cm. The robotic system AESOP is the surgeons third arm. By using simple commands such as â€Å"AESOP, move up† or â€Å"AESOP, move left†, the surgeon tells the robot to move the camera as he wishes. Every surgeon records his voice and has a voice card that is inserted into the system whenever he operates, in order for the robot to identify the commands. Usually the system works well. The robot may sometimes not recognize the tone of the voice of the surgeon is different from the recorded voice. But there is a support system with which the surgeon can handle manually if something like this happens. 3.3.4 SOCRATES Telecollaboration System [14] Socrates telecollaboration system was the first system to be approved (October 2001) for the new-founded category â€Å"telesurgery robotic systems†. It consists of advanced telecommunication equipment that is connected with medical devices and robotic systems. The system gives the surgeon who is at a remote location the opportunity to work with another surgeon who may be in an operating room across the globe. The system provides real time view of the surgery. In collaboration with Zeus robotic system, Socrates is the first fundamental step that marks the start of minimally invasive telesurgery. In 2001 Socrates robot along with Zeus robotic system performed the first translantic surgery. On September 7th, 2001 a group of surgeons in New York performed a cholecystectomy surgery on a patient located in France with the help of doctors that were there. The console and the robot were connected with fiber optic wires. This surgery was first tested on six pigs.That was the first com plete telesurgical process that was performed by surgeons 7000 away from their patient. The patient left the hospital 48 hours after the operation and returned to his social activities a week later. 4 Advantages and Limitations [15] 4.1 Advantages The advantages of robotic surgery are listed below: 1. Tinniest incisions result in: * Faster recovery * Shorter hospital stay and reduced costs * Less pain and fear * Less blood loss * Cosmetic benefit * Reduced risk of infection or complications * Less anesthesia required 2. Better sterilization 3. Robot immune to radiation and infections. 4. No muscle tremor or fatigue. 5. Elimination of need for personnel resulting in lower costs for the hospitals. 6. Shorter return to everyday activities(1-2 weeks) 7. Telesurgery: The ability to perform surgery from a different operating room. 8. A 3D camera provides an enhanced view. 9. Robots reach places that surgeons alone couldnt before. 10. Can be designed for a wide range of scales. 11. Surgeons dont get tired quickly as theyre seated and have less eye strain and they have the ability to control their natural flinching or nerves more effectively. 4.2 Limitations However some of its disadvantages and concerns are: 1. Robotic systems have highly complex software and it is very difficult to program and debug them. 2. Costs including the robotic systems ($750.000-$1 million), the maintenance and the training of surgeons are considerably high. 3. Since the need of personnel will be minimized, some surgeons will be left unemployed. 4. Telesurgery is based by a large percentage on the transmission of information between two locations. The more the distance between the two locations the more the time delay is inserted. This increased the period between the action and the result and after a certain point this makes surgery impossible in real time. 5. Synchronization during telesurgery is very critical and is not easy to attain. 6. Telesurgery is highly dependent on the security and reliability of the network. 5 Robotic Surgery in Greece [16] The first robotic navigation system used in a surgery procedure in Greece is the Vector Vision II system in â€Å"Ygeia† (see www.ygeia.gr) hospital in Athens. In February 2003 the robotic surgical system â€Å"Aesop 1000† was used to perform the first laparoscopic operation in the General Hospital of Crete, Greece. â€Å"Aesop 1000† is being improved in the labs of University of Crete and will be released as â€Å"Aesop 2000† and â€Å"Aesop 3000† and soon is expected to be used in more complex operations and surgeries. In addition, the school of medicine in the University of Athens offers advanced courses on robotic surgery. The course aims to teach basic robotic surgery skills such as instrument manipulation, camera control among others. This is done using the Da Vinci surgical system.[17] 1stdayIn November 8th,2006 the opening day of the Da Vinci robotic system took place in the Athens Medical Center Hospital. The president of the Hellenic Scientific Robotic Surgical Association Prof. K. Konstantinidis explained the fundamental principles of the Da Vinci robot to Greek ministers and the establishment of the Hellenic Scientific Society of Robotic Surgery. The first total hysterectomy in Greece was successfully carried out with the latest-generation Da Vinci Robotic Surgery System at the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Centre of Athens HYGEIA. the operation was broadcasted in real time during the daily conference held at the Hospital on Tuesday, July 1st 2008, titled Robotic Surgery in Gynaecology.[18] 5.1 Survey analysis A survey was conducted during October and November 2009 in Athens about robotic surgery, in which 73 people answered (ages 14-50). The survey included a questionnaire and it was distributed by email. Robotic surgery in Greece is in its infancy so it is quite reasonable to see that 72% of the people asked knew nothing about robotic surgery. 6 Social Concerns 6.1 Safety Safety is the prime concern of patients and doctors. People today have trouble trusting robotic devices in general and in the case of their healthcare the issue of trust is intensified. First of all, there is always the possibility of errors happening as total safety is a fallacy. Robots are programmed by humans who in turn are not infallible and are prone to make mistakes. In the case of robotic surgery a fault could have serious health injuries or death. Thus, the probability of errors must be kept at a very low level and in the case of a malfunction the system must be programmed to shut down immediately. Afterwards, the surgeon will have to take over complete the operation manually. So, it is obvious that the presence of a human doctor is mandatory and critical. There are many things that can go wrong which experts must take under serious consideration. Some problems resulting in system failures can be flawed design of the system, malfunction of software and hardware[19]or misinterpretation and inadequate specification. In order to eliminate the possibility of errors, mechanics must undergo â€Å"heavy† testing and reasoning about infinite scenarios. Also surgeons must prepare the robotic system cautiously so as not to forget anything which can backfire. They also need to have contingency plans like converting the robotic surgery to open surgery.[20] The increased testing and reasoning is time-consuming and usually involves high costs. Even though safety is a big issue, 41% of the people asked would go through a robotic surgery. This can be considered a good percentage as 65% of the people asked believed that robotic surgery is safe and reliable. 6.2 Reliability and knowledge Nowadays most people dont trust robots very easily. The reason for this is the lack of information and the fear that these robots/machines can harm them in a physical level or in a professional level. As it can be seen from the above 88% of the people asked have heard of robotic surgery but 56% of the people asked claimed to know very little about it. As it is stressed in a website about robotic surgery, and prostate cancer surgery in particular, most people worry about the side effects it could have on them such as sexual dysfunction and impotence.[21] Another concern was the fear of the robotic system and the probability of errors, but most people do a little research before resorting to robotic surgery. This way they minimize their worries and concerns. However, there still are people who despite the evidence dont trust robots with their health. Therefore, robotic surgery needs time to become known and trusted by the people. This percentage of 56% must be minimized and increase the percentage of knowledge. In the future, as robotic surgery will start being implemented into hospitals, there will be many surgeries done, successful or not, which will enhance robotic surgery by correcting the errors, the failures and any problem that may arise. This way, patients who had successful operations will spread the word and people will become more aware and acquainted with this new technological development. 7. Elevating concerns, resolving problems Robotics in surgery is a great helping tool, which holds many benefits and advantages for the surgeons and the patients. However, since it is still at an early stage of development there are problems in need for resolutions. One great concern is the reliability and safety in delicate surgical procedures. We cannot deny that machines are made from humans, who are not infallible and thus tend to make mistakes. Whether the surgery is done by a plethora of surgeons or by a single surgeon and a robot there is definitely the possibility of error. As with every new technology, people need time to get familiar with it and to start trusting it. Thus robotic-aided surgery just needs time to advance and to become more well-known. People who go through robotic surgery procedures will spread the good news. The media will start making more coverage of the issue as they learn about more cases. As mentioned by many patients in the Da Vinci website, they were very pleased with the surgery and the recovery time which proved to be shorter than expected.[22] Furthermore, the training of surgeons may take a while but it does not compare having to do a 6-hour surgery above the patient, getting tired and stressed with a 4-hour surgery sitting in the robotic device some metres away from the patient. The surgeon will tire less and will finish the surgery in less time. As far as the costs are concerned, patients in the Da Vince website did not worry about the costs so much because they were dealings with their health. And most people will do anything for their well-being.[23] 8. Future Robotic surgery has made quite a progress and development but it still has a long way to go. Many obstacles will be dealt with time and undoubtedly some new concerns may appear. Questions such as malpractice liability, credentialing, training requirements and license granting will have to be resolved in the future. Most people on the survey (49% to be exact) answered that robots could have negative implications on employment as robots will do most of the work that humans currently do and many of related jobs will be reduced. However, as mentioned in the advantages chapter, new fields are inserted into robotic surgery such as telemedicine, which shows that new needs for personnel emerge. Also it is quite interesting to note how the people asked are divided into three groups based on their answers concerning robotic surgeries in the future: There is a 64% of the people asked who have a positive outlook on robotic surgeries in the future and a 36% who are quite intimidated and afraid of this potential change. Part of this comes from the lack of information about robotic surgery and from the fact that it is still in an early stage. As far as robotic surgery is concerned, there is much to be done until it can reach its full potential. Even though, these robotic systems have enhanced dexterity significantly, they still need to advance the full potential in instrumentation or to integrate the full range of sensory input. Most people when hear about robotics, they think of automation. The possibility of automating some tasks is both exciting and controversial. Future systems might entail the ability for a surgeon to program the surgery and merely supervise as the robot performs most of the tasks. The possibilities for improvement and advancement are only limited by imagination and cost. 9. Conclusion Robotic surgery may be at an early stage, but that does not mean that it has not demonstrated its potential and significance, particularly in areas previously inaccessible by traditional procedures. However, it still remains to be seen if robotic surgery will replace completely conventional instruments in less technically demanding procedures. Robotic technology will bring major changes in surgery by enhancing and expanding laparoscopic procedures, advancing surgical technology and thus bringing surgery into the digital age. Not to mention, it possesses the potential to expand surgical treatment beyond the limits of human ability. The benefits of robotic surgery outweigh the costs. 10. Bibliography 10.1 Online (World Wide Web) Sources Pearl Tesler, Universal Robots: The history and workings of robots, 10 October 2009 Wikipedia, Robotics,16 July 2009 History of robotic surgery, Overview of Major Surgical Robotic Systems and Companies,17 July 2009 William Harris, How Haptic Technology Works, 4 September 2009 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/haptic-technology.htm Youtube, Robotic surgery demonstration, July 24, 2007, 7 September 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NZLpWrJGgk Youtube, Robotic Surgery, April 05, 2007,15 September 2009 Youtube, Robotic Heart Surgery, February 12, 2007, 19 September 2009 Youtube, Robotic Heart Surgery Allen Raczkowski, MD, February 03, 2009, 25 September 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LezbxU5P1uc Robotic Surgery in Greece,22 April 2009,8 October 2009 http://roboticsurgery.gr Robotic Surgery, Simulation assisted training in Robotic Surgery,15 January 2010 Robotic Surgery ROBOTIC SURGERY IN TELEMEDICINE HYGEIA S.A.: The first total hysterectomy in Greece with the da Vinci  ® S Robotic System,1 July 2008,20 January 2010 http://www.kapetanakis-center.gr/www_eng/news/010708.pdf Robotic Surgery blog, Robotic reliability, 2 March 2007,17 January 2010 http://www.njurology.com/RoboticSurgeryBlog/robotic_surgery_basics/ Da Vinci Surgery, Patient Stories, 25 January 2010 http://www.davincistories.com/search-stories/search-stories-result.html?start=15condition=Prostate%20Cancer 10.2 Works-research papers Ø ΔÎ ­ÃÆ'πΠ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ± ÃŽ §ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¬Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ³ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦,ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ §ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ £Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± (da Vinci, Ze ,Hermes). ÃŽ  Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ²ÃŽ »ÃŽ ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ Ï€Ï ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ­Ãâ€š.( Despoina Xisaroglou ,Robotic Surgical Systems, Problems and perspectives (accessed July 23rd,2009) Ø Caroline GL Cao Gary Rogers, Tufts University, Robotics in healthcare, (accessed June 12th ,2009) Ø Sunitha M.V, Robotic surgery, seminar report, August 2008 (accessed July 10th, 2009) Ø ΓÎ ºÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š ΑÎ ¸ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¬ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š(Grinis Athanasios), ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ · χÎ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ® (robotic surgery) (accessed September 13th,2009) 11. Appendix 11.1 Robotic surgery Questionnaire 1. Have you heard about robotic surgery? a) Yes b) No 2. How much do you know about robotic surgery? a) A lot b) Very little c) Almost nothing 3.Do you know anything about robotic surgery in Greece? a) I know quite a few things b) I know very little c) I know nothing 4.Have you heard of any of the following robotic systems? a) Da Vinci b) Zeus c) AESOP d) Socrates Robotic System e) None of them 5. Do you think robots can perform surgery better than humans? a) Yes b) No c) Im not sure d) Maybe in the future 6. Do you think that robots could have negative implications on employment? a) Yes b) No c) Im not sure 7. Would you undergo a surgery aided with a robotic system? a) Yes b) No c) Im not sure d) If absolutely necessary 8. Do you think that robotic surgery is safe and reliable? a) Yes b) No 9. Would you avoid a robotic surgery due to costs? a) Yes b) No 10. How would you describe a future where all surgeries are done by robots? a) Very appealing b) Very useful and time-saving c) Not so happy about it. d) Quite frightening. 6 [1] Robot Institute of America, hf issues in surgery. PDF(accessed June 12th ,2009) [2] http://www.thetech.org/robotics/universal/index.html (accessed October 10th,2009) [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics (accessed July 16th ,2009) [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics (accessed July 16th ,2009) [5]http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group02/Group%2002%20Website/history_robotic.htm (accessed July17th,2009) [6] Robotic surgery, a seminar report by Sunitha M.V. (accessed July 10th, 2009) [7] Robotic surgery, a seminar report by Sunitha M.V. (accessed July 10th, 2009) [8] http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/haptic-technology.htm (accessed September 4th, 2009) [9] ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ · χÎ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ® (robotic surgery)- ΓÎ ºÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š ΑÎ ¸ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¬ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (pdf file)(accessed September 13th,2009) [10] ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ · χÎ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ® (robotic surgery)- ΓÎ ºÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š ΑÎ ¸ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¬ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (pdf file)(accessed September 13th,2009) [11] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NZLpWrJGgk (accessed September 7th, 2009) [12] ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ §ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ £Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± (da Vinci, Ze ,Hermes). ÃŽ  Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ²ÃŽ »ÃŽ ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ Ï€Ï ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ­Ãâ€š.(Robotic Surgical Systems, Problems and perspectives) by Despoina Xisaroglou. (pdf file) (accessed July 23rd,2009) [13] ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ §ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ £Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± (da Vinci, Ze ,Hermes). ÃŽ  Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ²ÃŽ »ÃŽ ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ Ï€Ï ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ­Ãâ€š.(Robotic Surgical Systems, Problems and perspectives) by Despoina Xisaroglou. (pdf file) (accessed July 23rd,2009) [14] ÃŽ ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ §ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ ÃŽ £Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± (da Vinci, Ze ,Hermes). ÃŽ  Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ²ÃŽ »ÃŽ ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ± ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ Ï€Ï ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ­Ãâ€š.(Robotic Surgical Systems,Problems and perspectives) by Despoina Xisaroglou. (pdf file) (accessed July 23rd,2009) [15] Robotic Surgical Systems,Problems and perspectives) by Despoina Xisaroglou. (pdf file) (accessed July 23rd,2009) http://wikipedia.com/robotics (accessed July 16th,2009) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mR-PC8kCi_A (accessed September 15th,2009) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NZLpWrJGgk (accessed September 7th,2009) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3gIa_w4GXQ (accessed September 19th,2009) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LezbxU5P1uc (accessed September 25th,2009) [16] http://roboticsurgery.gr (accessed October 8th,2009) Robotic Surgical Sy

The Influence of an Interior Space on the Human Psyche

The Influence of an Interior Space on the Human Psyche Introduction: In the research document below research will be done on how designers are influenced by Biophilic interior design concepts, the influence interior designers have on relevant target markets and ones need for particular interior design influences in order to reach self-actualisation, furthermore research will be done on the concept of Rene Descartes’s â€Å"I think therefore I am† theory but applied to the interior design world of â€Å"I design therefore I am†. In conclusion the author will summarise the influences interior design has on the human psyche and the benefits one can obtain from interior design. The aim and objectives of this research paper is to establish that all interior spaces which surrounds us as individuals are designed with a particular purpose in mind, whether it be mechanical, functional, practical or purely aesthetic and that it does have an effect on us not only physically and emotionally but also mentally. Some interior designers cater for the niche target with the goal in mind to satisfy qualitative needs, such as custom designs that are designed to order and produced exclusively for that particular client’s needs of owning an exclusively designed custom interior space, generally relating to one’s social status. The niche target market is the top one percent of the economies income bracket, in other words the wealthiest individuals within the particular economy. The average income target market, is the market where designers aim to satisfy the quantitative needs of the target market, designs are generally less exclusive and produced in bulk so tha t they are accessible by a larger demographic, thus designs are rendered as more affordable. Interior Design can improve one’s quality of life as it is †the environment around us affecting our mood, productivity, energy levels, aptitude and attitude†. Creating a beautiful interior is about creating a space where you feel relaxed, comfortable, organized and at peace, the idea of the space is to be thought of as therapeutic.† (Jess Douray, 2014). Well known sociologist Jean Baudrillard reasons that all objects chosen to fill an interior space is subconsciously placed within the space to tell a story as they are the manifestation of one’s character and desires. He suggests that us as individuals unconsciously judge interiors on four separate value criteria’s, in addition to how the rooms look at face value. He further explains the questions of each value criteria as follows: â€Å"Function: Will this item fit your needs? Is the kitchen table big enough to seat your whole family? Will this flooring cover the entire area of the room? Exchange: Is this item worth the price? Would you rather have this singular high-end couch for R15, 000 or a whole bedroom suite for the same price? Symbolic: Does this item have an emotional attachment? Did you choose a collection of family photos for your dà ©cor or a print of a painting? Sign: Does this item have a particular status symbol? Is it a name brand or a generic?† (Jean Baudrillard, 2007). Interior design is about much more than designing for aesthetic appearance. It has to consider communication and the key user experience: how spaces work; how they deliver a message and how individuals respond to this when conducting their daily lives; and even how people move around space and interact with objects or people. When within popular design culture, people consider the look of architecture; the true meaning of spaces and places is developed by interior specialists. These are people with the ability to combine engineering, construction, art and psychology in creating spaces; they must consider the basic provision of spatial design. Interior design requires knowledge of appropriate building regulations, health and safety legislation, project planning and technical specifications, all applied in a creative fashion to generate an environment, all of the above needs to be taken into consideration when creating successful designs. PROJECT BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION The authors ultimate goal of the below research document is to establish the value of interior designers and the impact they make in the environments we as individuals reside in. AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the following research paper is to establish the influence of an interior space on the human psyche, the importance of interior designers, the processes of interior design and the outcomes of a well-designed interior. STUDY DEFINED This research document will be based on research done digitally, journals, published articles and books, encapsulating relevant information to that of the topic illustrated above, examples will be provided substantiating statement given along with illustrations and appendices. RESEARCH STATEMENT The importance of interior design and the effect it has on the human psyche along with how interior design influences an individual to the point of reaching self-actualisation. RESEARCH SCOPE, LIMITATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS Interior design has been around for centuries and has played a vital role in displaying social status, a sense of comfort and a individuals identity, it is however evident in research done thus far that the importance interior design has on an individual’s mental well-being and vitality, has not been defined in great detail. A general lack of information on the benefits interior design possesses and the impact it has in an individual’s daily lives has become apparent. DESIGN SCOPE, LIMITATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS The author has found within the research done that an individual’s surrounding interior does not only affect their productivity and mood but their thinking processes and even their physical well-being and health. The lighter and more open the space, the more easily one can become focused, the darker more congested the space the more one can feel overwhelmed or even trapped. â€Å"Biophilic design can reduce stress, enhance creativity and clarity of thought, improve our well-being and promote healing; as the world population continues to urbanize, these qualities are ever more important. Theorists, research scientists, and design practitioners have been working for decades to define aspects of nature that most impact our satisfaction with the built environment† The (Terrapin bright green, 2014). The study of biophilic design will be further explored throughout the research paper. DEFINITION OF TERMS Interior design- the art or job of planning how the rooms of a building should be furnished and decorated Biophilic Design- is an innovative way of designing the places where we live, work, and learn. We need nature in a deep and fundamental fashion, but we have often designed our cities and suburbs in ways that both degrade the environment and alienate us from nature. BIBLIOGRAPHY Dictionary. 2015. Interior design Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interior%20design. [Accessed 19 March 2015]. 2015. An interior designer has a direct influence on the places and spaces we occupy Magazines Student The Independent . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/student/magazines/an-interior-designer-has-a-direct-influence-on-the-places-and-spaces-we-occupy-760044.html. [Accessed 19 March 2015]. 2015. what is biophilic design? Google Search. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.google.co.za/search?q=what+is+biophilic+design%3Fie=utf-8oe=utf-8aq=trls=org.mozilla:en-US:unofficialclient=firefoxchannel=ntsgfe_rd=crei=BPEKVeS8BIiP7AbIq4G4BA#rls=org.mozilla:en-US:unofficialchannel=ntsq=biophilic+design. [Accessed 19 March 2015]. 2015. Interior design Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interior%20design. [Accessed 19 March 2015]. APPENDIX Chapter 1: Literature review Chapter 2: Research theory Chapter 3: Findings supported by relevant research Chapter 4: Designs conceptual development CONCLUSION

A Tale Of Two Cities: Foreshadowing :: essays research papers

Many famous writers use foreshadowing. An author needs to use different instances of foreshadowing. Charles Dickens was a great British author who used foreshadowing. A Tale of Two Cities, written by Charles Dickens, contains many examples of foreshadowing. One example of foreshadowing is Sydney Carton’s promise to Lucie that he will do anything for Lucy or any dear to Lucie. At the beginning of the novel when Stryver brought up to Carton his love for Lucie, â€Å"Sydney Carton drank the punch at a great rate, drank it by the bumpers, looking at his friend† (129). The fact that Sydney began drinking quickly gave the clue that Carton is developing a love for Lucie. Earlier we know this fits because of Stryver and Carton’s conversation at the Old Bailey. Carton says, â€Å"[W]ho made the Old Bailey a judge of beauty? She was a golden haired doll!† (84). These two quotes show that Sydney Carton has feelings for Lucie. When Charles Darnay marries Lucie, Carton’s feelings do not waver. â€Å"For you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything† Carton says (141). This promise is the key to Carton’s fate, and with this he foreshadows his doom when he follows through with it, costing him his li fe. Another example of foreshadowing is the clues to the death of the Marquis St. Evremonde. The people that want a revolution hate the Marquis. â€Å"That I believe our name to be more detested then any name in France† from Charles Darnay to the Marquis (113). The Marquis hears this and reply’s â€Å"’A compliment’, said the Marquis, ‘to the grandeur of the family’†(showing that he is completely oblivious to what is going on in France)(113). This is foreshadowing that the people will probably punish the Marquis. The final event is when the Marquis’s coach ran over a child and he replied â€Å"’It is extraordinary to me, said he ‘ that you people cannot take care of yourselves and you children’†(102). Then Defarge throws his coin back into the carriage, showing his anger. This event angers the people, and is a key part in the foreshadowing of the Marquis’s death. The final example of foreshadowing is Dr. Manette‘s ordeal with the Evremondes. Throughout the second book in the novel, Dr. Manette’s past was clouded. We get some foreshadowing when Darnay offers to reveal his name to Dr. Manette, but Dr. Manette says â€Å"Stop!† and we start to hint that there is more going on then meets the eye (126).

The Year 1919 Essay -- American History, Woodrow Wilson

What makes a year special? What makes a year memorable? It’s the things that people remembered in the year. 1919 in American was a year where people were settling down. The World War One just ended, the World Series was rigged, there was an influenza epidemic, there was a president trying to make peace with other countries, and people wore brightly colored clothing. The America in 1919, Had a president who was really focused on peace for the United States. The President was Woodrow Wilson. Woodrow Wilson was the 28th president. After the war was declared over Wilson went to Paris get peace for the country. In Paris he helped create The League of Nations. Here he also helped Shape the treaty of Versailles. For his effort to form The League of Nations, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 (Gordon). Clearly Wilson’s ideas for peace were respected by the world. While Wilson was known for the League of Nations and the treaty of Versailles, he was also known for his Fourteen Points. These were 14 primary ideas set by Wilson to end World War 1, and set ideas for world peace. These principals were first introduced to congress, then to the League of Nations. Out of these fourteen principals only 6 were used. Point seven â€Å"evacuation of German troops from Belgium† (â€Å"President Wilson’s Fourteen Points†). Point eight that said, free all French territory and these places must be restored, along with France being freed In the matter of Alsace-Lorraine. The next point that was put into effect was that people of Austria-Hungary should be allowed the freest opportunity. They also put point eleven into use. This point said, â€Å"Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure ... ...an’s bloomers cost $o.90(Derks 134), a men’s suit was $33.00(Derks 142). Finding a house in a good neighborhood was very important to some people just as it is today. A house in a good neighborhood would cost around $4,200(Derks 142). A mattress was a necessity, back then it would cost around $20.00(Derks 137). Magazines were a good way for people to get news or find new things. To buy just one copy of the magazine it would cost $0.15. A year’s subscription for a magazine would cost $1.50(Derks 142). Cereal brands were simple, a regular box would cost $0.12. A large box of Cereal would cost $0.30(Derks 137). A phonograph Record cost $1.50(Derks 137). Even though alcohol was illegal to have a gallon of whiskey would cost $3.50(Craven). Milk cost $0.32 for a gallon. The cost of basic goods was a lot less then what it would be today. So their cost of living was less.

Case 4 I Want My VOIP!!!! Essay

Less cost Digital telephone uses VOIP based on soft switching technology, which is less xpensive to apply and maintain. 2. Multifunctional In addition to equip with all the regular services offered by traditional telephone, digital telephone can convert phone calls into data, the integration of telephone, TV, and data Is extensive. 3. convenience There is no long distance charges and physical location of equipment doesn’t matter. Calls between multiple phone numbers are free. 4. Huge potential Features in the future are out of the reach of the local telephone, such as videophones, video emails. 1 . Relatively poor voice quality The voice quality of digital telephone is not as good as regular telephone service. 2. Power problem Lose of power means loss of telephone service while regular telephone systems still operate when electricity is out. Though batteries work for temporary backup power, but there is nothing would provide telephone service for extensive blackout periods. In view of Rita’s needs, lower cost. convenience and value, if I were her, I would choose digital telephone. However, before subscrlblng to Time warner, I would make a comparison among the digital telephone companies and decide the proper one, Compared with other companies, Time Warner has such Advantages Better service Relatively expensive Therefore, in view of RltaS needs, If I were her, I wont subscribe with Time Warner. #2. Write the first part of a marketing strategy statement for the Time Warner digital telephone offer ? Include the target market and planned product positioning. customer value and achieve profitable customer relationships. This process involves market segmentation, market targeting, differentiation, and positioning. Target market: A set of buyers sharing common needs or characteristics that the company ecides to serve. Positioning: Arranging for a product to occupy a clear, distinctive, and desirable place relative to competing products in the minds of target consumers. marketing strategy statement Target Market People like Rita who want lower costs, convenience and value, such as: People who want to lower their phone call costs, People who are fancy with multiple functions; People who usually make long distance calls, such as businessmen , or families with members far away from home Planned product positioning Low cost, convenient, multifunctional, promising communication product 3. In what stage of the product life cycle is Internet telephony? Does the answer to this question vary across companies such as Vontage, Comcast, Time Warner, and Cox? Product life cycle (PLC): The course ofa product’s sales and profits over its lifetime. It involves five distinct stages: product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. 1 . Product development begins when the company finds and develops a new-product idea. During product development, sales are zero, and the company’s investment costs mount. 2. Introduction is a period of slow sales growth as he product is introduced in the market. Profits are nonexistent in this stage because of the heavy expenses of product introduction. 3. Growth is a period of rapid market acceptance and increasing profits. 4. Maturity is a period of slowdown in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. Profits level off or decline because of increased marketing outlays to defend the product against competition. 5. Decline is the period when sales fall off and profits drop. 1) According to the definition and characteristics above, we can tell that Internet elephony is in the introduction stage. Although analysts expect 16 million subscribers to buy cable telephone services within 5 years. More than 20 companies have entered the market so far. Cable operators have been so slow to introduce the services and the growth of subscribers is even beginning to decline. Most of them still provide basic products. Nowadays they are taking great effort to advertise the product and to attract the customers. But the sales and profits are not so impressing. They all match the characteristics of Introduction stage. 2) The answer varies across ifferent companies. Comcast and Vontage have Just entered introduction stage because they started slower and now moving much more slowly than the other companies. Cox Communications and Time Warner is entering growth stage. Their cost per customer is cutting down and profit is rising. the advantages to both the consumer and the company? 1) Bundling of services work so well for the cable companies is because it meet consumer’s needs perfectly. For one thing, it is cheaper than the telephone company’s service. For another, consumers prefer one company one bill which is more convenient.