MHE503 Survey of Emergency and Disaster Mgt Module 3 Case Essay

MHE503 Survey of Emergency and Disaster Mgt Module 3 Case - Essay Example The difference was particularly set through the existence of SDOF or Single Degree of Freedom which is a system used to prepare structures for upcoming possibilities of seismic activities from the earth's ground. In Kobe Japan, the preparation has been focused upon the evacuation of the people.1 Practically, they failed to see through the ten-fold preparation even before tragedies occur. Meanwhile, the Northridge Earthquake in California has created a more sophisticated process of saving the buildings even before the tragedy took place. 2This is one particular difference in the occurrence of earthquake control between the two places in consideration herein. Basically, preparing buildings for their capacity of facing tragedies such as earthquakes could be a huge matter of consideration to avoid bigger levels of tragedies from happening.3 On the part of the buildings in Northridge California, it has been reported that the four structures present in the area had been further examined for their capabilities of facing possible tragedies and were noted to have the following rate of integrity in facing seismic activities in the ground. The levels of integrity had been presented as follows: As seen from this particular figure, the level of isolation that the building has in terms of facing seismic activities in the area could be considered really stro... e tragedy, something that has not been given careful attention to by the administrators in the KOBE Earthquake control before occurrence of the tragedy in consideration. 2. Describe important components to include in a mitigation strategy for managing earthquake risk. As resulted from the research and study considered in this paper, it could be considered that preparation on the part of the builders of the structures is a very important matter to give attention to. Through this practical pre-emptive process, the tragedies that could happen during earthquakes could be well controlled and managed. It could be noted that through the different preparatory procedures taken into serious consideration by the administrators of the structural building approaches, the possible chances of tragedies occurring in the future could be taken away from the level of worries that masks the modern buildings and the towering heights of the structures in the modern community of human society today. With this precaution taken into consideration, millions of lives and properties could be saved from devastation. From this point of discussion, it could be realized how the different options of mitigation could be given careful attention through taking precautionary steps years before the possible occurrence of tragedies and accidents especially involving structures and buildings. Today, especially with the utilization of modern technology, structural arrangements used to practically create measures of protection and preparation could be easily given attention to, allowing chances of being saved from tragic ends of natural disasters a better choice for most people living within the area where the event is concentrated. References: BCJ (Building Center of Japan), 1997, "Menshin Kozou

Transcendentalism and Emerson Essay Example for Free

Transcendentalism and Emerson Essay * 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant * Refers to idea that in determining the ultimate reality of God, the universe, the self, one must transcend or go beyond everyday human experience * Intuition The Transcendental Club * Informal meetings that began in 1836 Concord, Massachusetts. In the home of George Ripley * Discussed theology, philosophy, and literature * Called themselves the Symposium or Hedge * What The Hedge Club Did * Sponsored two major activities * 1 Quarterly called The Dial * Edited by Margaret Fuller. * Also edited by Emerson * Subscription list was very small at the start and diminished until no longer in publication * 2 Brook Farm * Established in 1841 as a utopian community * Failed because a fire destroyed the main building and the thinkers weren’t always willing farmers Romanticism and Transcendentalism * Romanticism * 1. Importance of intuition * 2. Anti-authoritarianism – including a healthy contempt for the past * 3. Love of nature * Interest in social reform * National Literature * Transcendentalism * Heart of the romantic movement. * 1. Believed that an individual relationship with God was personal and was to be established by the individual and not the church * 2. Egalitarian – believing in the dignity of the common person and the common labor * 3. An epistemology – a different way of knowing; receiving higher truths Ralph Waldo Emerson What kind of writer was he? * Not a philosopher (too broad) or essayist (too limited) * He was a POET! A poet whose works were not always in verse * He said he was born a poet of a low class but he was, without doubt, a poet. * â€Å"His singing, he says, is in prose† But he is a perceiver and dear lover of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ~ R. W. Emerson Bio * Born in Boston in 1803 to a cultured, but a poor family * Came from a long line of ministers * After his father died of TB, His Aunt took control of the family (she was a Calvinist) – Mary Moody Emerson * Entered Harvard at age 14 – graduated * After Harvard took a job as a teacher * Then went to work for his uncle to prepare to be a minister * Became a minister at Boston’s Second Church. * Married his sweetheart Ellen Tucker but she also died of TB * Was devastated and he was having problems with his beliefs so he withdrew from being a minister * Returned to Concord, Massachusetts and married Lydia Jackson Themes, Beliefs, Techniques * Themes: Individuals’ souls were part of a greater entity which he called the â€Å"Over-Soul† * Beliefs: He thought religious truth was an â€Å"intuition† – a very personal relationship with God. Most people lose their sense of wonder and delight, as they grow older. * Techniques: Striking imagery that appeals to senses, aphorisms (express wise observations about life).

Defining Success in the War on Terrorism Essay -- September 11 Terrori

Defining Success in the War on Terrorism In pursuing its war on terrorism, the Bush administration faces daunting military and diplomatic challenges. But need it also worry about mobilizing public support? With the latest polls showing the public giving the president 90 percent approval ratings and endorsing the use of force at the same level, could the White House possibly hope for any more backing from the American people? Â   President Bush seems to think so. Every speech he gives appears to be primarily concerned with shoring up public opinion, warning us about the difficulties ahead and purposefully praising Americans for their "patience and resolve." The administration understands a basic truth about leading a democracy in war: Public support must never be taken for granted. Â   Even in allegedly "easy-to-support" wars, like World War II, political leaders have found it necessary to adjust the military tempo to boost public morale. All the more so in the current campaign, where the course is uncertain and the prospects for immediate success are bleak. Ironically, the initial wave of solidarity behind Bush actually intensifies concern, because there is no way the president can hold on to stratospheric approval ratings. As his support returns to more realistic levels, the headlines could become "Bush Approval Plummets." Implicit message: "Bush Is Losing the War." Â   Research has shown that public support of a military campaign is chiefly a function of the mission's perceived stakes, the prospects for victory and the anticipated costs. Since the Persian Gulf War (though the seeds can be traced as far back as Vietnam), a myth has taken root among policymakers that only the costs matter -- that the publi... ...mas, Hezbollah and other terrorist organizations. Â   President Bush has repeatedly said this war will be long and we should get on with our lives. In other words, the terrorists started Cold War II, not World War III. The president must stir national vigilance well beyond the levels of post-Cold War complacency, but he can't have the entire country on a permanent high war footing. Â   Yet precisely because the war will be long, it is that much harder to get on with our lives without seeing something that indicates we have started to win. For that we will need to see demonstrable progress toward the three clear goals outlined above. If it looks like America is winning, the president will have all the support he needs to make the victory complete. Without evidence of progress, however, even the rock-solid support he enjoys today could erode significantly.

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Essay

People of the world have always faced both types of disasters, natural as well as man-made. Man-made disasters were not prevalent in ancient times. Man-made disasters are the results of industrial and material progress. Natural and man-made disasters equally play havoc on human in modern times. Sometimes, a man-made disaster has bigger impact than natural disaster. The cause of natural disaster is natural with man-made disaster is caused by man himself. Man-made disasters include leakage of oil in the sea, nuclear explosion, leakage of poisonous gases and chemical, fire, floods created by dams etc. Man-made disasters are avoidable. They may be averted if man works efficiently and carefully. On the other hand we have no control over a natural disaster. They include earthquake, tsunami, flood, typhoon, hurricane, tempest, avalanches, land slide etc. Man cannot avert them. However, it should be noted that some natural disaster are indirectly the result of man’s activities. For example draught may be the cause of cutting of forests. Thus, the number of man-made disasters is greater than natural disaster. Natural disasters like tsunami and earth quake plays havoc on life and property. Sometimes, millions of lives are lost in these disasters. Certainly, there are some measures to minimize the impact of natural disaster. But they cannot be averted altogether. A natural activity is not termed as a natural disaster until it has impact on human. For example, a volcano eruption at an uninhibited place is not a natural disaster. It is a natural event surely. Natural disasters are aggravated in the condition of unpreparedness on the part of man. A natural disaster has a bigger impact when man is not prepared for it. For example, earthquake cannot be predicted beforehand. It may engulf a large number of people at night while they are sleeping in their homes. A hurricane or a tornado gives opportunity for preparation to face it. Man-made disasters are caused by human activities. They may be in smaller magnitude such as a forest fire which has less impact and may be colossal such as the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Man-made disasters are brought unknowingly as well as knowingly. Accidents happen due to negligence on the part of man. The Bhopal Gas tragedy is a result of an accident which played a havoc on the local residence. In the modern world, terrorism is considered as a cause of man-made disaster. The 9/11 attack of terrorism on WTO is a kind of man-made disaster which took the lives of thousands of people. This was a crime of man against man. Terrorism has taken the lives of millions of people all over the world. So, crime may also be considered as a man-made disaster. Wars are another kind of natural disaster. Millions of people have been killed in the wars during the last one hundred years. These wars were not accidents. They were fought intentionally to kill people. They are the shame on people who caused them.

Confidentiality, Multiple Relationships, Conflict of Interest Essay

You are a counseling psychologist. One day, a 19 year old daughter had knocked on your office door and asked for some advice. You notice that she is Lily, your nephew. She is almost crying when she entered your room. It is important to note that this nephew of yours had become an intern in your clinic 6 months ago. This made you hesitant to accept her in your counsel. However, you decide to let her in. After some 10 minutes of just crying, she told you that she was raped by her boyfriend one week before that consultation. Upon hearing that, she urgently told you that you don’t want to tell that to her parents, meaning your sister (you and her mother are sisters). She decided not to pursue any criminal charges against her boyfriend and will just leave and forget the issue. She still loves her boyfriend and decided to stick with him despite the crime. She told you that she only consults you because she just wants someone who is professional that she can share her burden who can guarantee that the secret will not be told on other people. You suddenly remember that you already met her boyfriend in one family affair. At that time, you have a feeling inside that that guy has some mental abnormality. Subtlety, you are against their relationship. At this moment, you are undecided about the issue. You are unsure if you are going to keep the confidentiality of the case of your client which turned to be a former intern in your clinic and at the same time your nephew.

Advertising fast food to children Essays

Advertising fast food to children Essays Advertising fast food to children Essay Advertising fast food to children Essay Essay on the ethical statements refering the limitation of the advertisement of fast nutrient to kids. 2000 words. This paper examines the altering face of consumer-facing markets, concentrating peculiarly on the increasing force per unit areas for concerns to move both ethically, and responsibly. The peculiar illustration being considered here is that of fast nutrient and confectionary selling to kids, with UK markets supplying the primary empirical focal point. The paper will put out to analyze the groundswhythese force per unit areas are escalating at this clip, whether such tendencies have any logical or theoretical unity, and whether they are sustainable in concern footings. It will try to make so within the established models of some relevant ethical theory, taking history of Virtue moralss, Deontological moralss, and Teleological moralss, every bit good as Utilitarian moralss. Consequently, it will pay peculiar attending to the thought of a binary classification of ethical theoretical accounts, i.e. non-consequentialist or consequentialst – as proposed by Fischer and Lovell. As the latter argue, non-consequentialist moralss †¦determine what is right and incorrect from preset rules and criterions. They take no respect of the effects of an action†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ . Meanwhile, consequentialist moralss †¦measure the rightness of a thing harmonizing to whether it brings us close to†¦a desired state.’ ( Fischer and Lovell, 2006: p.101 ) . This paper concludes by reasoning that neither authorities nor supra-national bureaus can run any strictly ethical policies in this peculiar market, and that important behavioral alteration can merely have at an single degree. As the Parliamentary Office of Science and engineering puts it, Obesity occurs when an single takes in more energy than they expend, although some people are genetically more susceptible†¦the WHO/FAO expert group found converting grounds that high consumption of energy dense nutrients is a hazard factor†¦it besides found that heavy selling of fast nutrients and high consumptions of sugar sweetened drinks were likely hazard factors†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ( Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2003: p.2. ) To such mensural appraisals can be added the more alarmist commentaries in the mainstream UK imperativeness: as theDaily Mailobserves, Obesity rates in Britain are soaring†¦Despite Government warnings that we are turning into a state of sofa murphies and put on the lining obesity-related unwellnesss such as bosom disease and malignant neoplastic disease, our waistlines maintain growing.’ (Daily Mail2007 ) . The authorities itself, holding banned smoking from public topographic points, and fought a running conflict with the accredited industry over responsible intoxicant ingestion, has so far had small tummy for intercession in big diets. It is a different affair, nevertheless, in the instance of kids. In 2006, Caroline Flint, so curate for public wellness, told the influential Food Advertising Unit s one-year conference that the authorities would watch closely how companies complied with Ofcom s infliction of a nine o’clock watershed on fast nutrient publicities. We re clearly traveling to be supervising in footings of its impact’ warned Ms Flint, adding that she would be happy to see healthier sorts of nutrient and drink merchandises advertised to kids. There are some existent opportunities’ she said, noting that food market retail merchants had done a good occupation of †¦marketing healthier foods.’ ( Wiggins 2006: n.p. ) . However, as some perceivers closely associated with the attempted reform of dietetic gustatory sensations observe, the overall statistics mask more complex forms of ingestion mediated through societal category, context, income and chance. Liam Black, a close concern associate of dietetic candidate and famous person chef Jamie Oliver, warns that, †¦Obesity can non be driven back with a program for virally marketing Italian nutrient formulas scribbled on a impudent chart, as Mr. Oliver appears to believe. The hapless man’s diet is non the consequence of a deficiency of will but a symptom of a broader societal malaise†¦You can’t merely ride in on an organically-fed Equus caballus and hole it.’ ( Guthrie 2008: n.p. ) . However, where it has direct influence or control, for illustration in a school environment, it can be argued that the authorities does so hold a authorization and duty to step in. It has done so substantively through its Healthy Schools Programme, Schools Fruit and Ve getable Scheme, and the Physical Education, School Sport Club links programme ( PESSCL ) . ( Teachernet 2008: n.p. ) . What so are the ethical issues for those involved in the selling and publicity of fast nutrient to kids? Of the theoretical accounts outlined above, which may be most usefully applied in this instance? As Fischer and Lovell point out, Virtue moralss is non a system of regulations, but†¦a set of personal features that†¦will guarantee that the person is likely to do the right’ pick within any ethically complex situation.’ ( Fischer and Lovell, 2006: p.102 ) . In its strictest footings, the demand implicit in Deontological Ethics proscribes the net income maximization which fast nutrient concerns are, logically, edge to prosecute. However, as Fischer and Lovell besides indicate. One possible manner out of this cul-de-sac is to make a hierarchy of categorical jussive moods. In this manner the categorical jussive mood of always tell the truth’ would be inferior to the categorical jussive mood of †¦lie if it will salvage an guiltless life’ . ( Fis cher and Lovell, 2006: p.111 ) . Meanwhile Teleological moralss, as the same governments indicate, †¦combine an purpose to work towards an terminal with a peculiar position of what establishments are necessary to accomplish it†¦This term means that the rightness or goodness of an action is non intrinsic to that action but can merely be judged by its consequences.’ ( Fischer and Lovell, 2006: p.124 ) . When these ideal type’ ethical places are considered, it shortly becomes clear that the chase of commercial or corporate terminals sits uncomfortably with an direct application of Virtue, Deontological or Teleological moralss. Does the staying theoretical account, that of Utilitarian moralss, supply a clearer analysis? Again, it may be helpful to mention to Fischer and Lovell’s perceptual experience of what they see as act utilitarianism’ . One danger of Utilitarianism, which cost-benefit analysis is designed to turn to, is that organisations seek to maximisea goodinstead thanthe good.’ ( Fischer and Lovell, 2006: p.131 ) . Arguably, it is the useful place to which the authorities can put claim in trying to restrict the selling of fast nutrient to kids. In a typical theoretical account of official intercession, it is neer rather that simple nevertheless. In its most basic signifier, Benthamite utilitarianism would raise a greatest felicity of the greatest number-type’ policy government. In other words, facts would be elicited by official question, and thesalus populisought through calibrated statute law, with cardinal grants to single autonomy. Commercial and financial force per unit areas would so encroach on the procedure, including ( intelligibly ) opaque buttonholing from the fast nutrient corporations themselves. For illustration, from a wellness position, there can be few useful statements for the continued right to smoke. For a assortment of grounds nevertheless, there remains small chance of the authorities wholly censoring it. The instance of fast nutrient is arguably a more complex one, with the positive and negative statements less clearly defined. Although the general bias would likely keep that fast nutrientdoescontribute to fleshiness, diabetes, and other wellness jobs, the load of cogent evidence in single instances lies really much with the anti-fast nutrient anteroom at present. For illustration, consecutive American legal instances seeking punitory amendss from nutrient ironss have so far borne no fruit, although, as Grant studies, †¦the determination ( to continue the claimant’s instance ) puts the fast nutrient companies back in the sauteing pan, at least temporarily, it merely allows the claims to last procedurally for one more unit of ammunition of discovery†¦.It was still unsure how far the test tribunal will let find to come on before. . . sing dismissal†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ( Grant 2005: n.p. ) . As Wiggins studies, new airing guidelines have besides prompted originative response s from makers, such as the increased usage of digital selling: Pepsi’s picture web site www.maxyourlife.com is a cardinal illustration. ( Wiggins 2006: n.p. ) Meanwhile, apparently benign and ethical promotional runs such as Cadbury’sGet Activeverifiers, in world offered kids a free volleyball in return for devouring the equivalent of 5,440 bars of cocoa. ( Lee et al 2005: p.211 ) . Taking this sort of activity into history, it is clear that official force per unit areas on fast nutrient selling may be the soft option for authoritiess caught between useful force per unit areas and broad expedience. From a corporate point of view, the job is more clear cut. As Altman observes, using a Kantian analysis: From a Kantian position, a corporation can hold no duty at all. Insofar as it is a tool, and a good tool performs its designated map good, a good corporation maximizes net incomes for its shareholders.’ ( Altman 2007: p.261 ) In the concluding analysis, the outlook that corporate endeavors will one-sidedly withdraw from moneymaking markets fails to admit the existent nature of the typical council chamber moral force, and the hegemony of stockholders in seeking dividends. As Monks and Minow point out, stockholders should try to maximize contestability in the corporate paradigm by seeking board members who will replace under-performing troughs when necessary , and by replacing board members who will non accept this responsibility.’ ( Monks and Minow, 2004: p.516 ) . The restriction of fast nutrient selling through the media may good hold – in little portion at least – the coveted consequence on children’s diets. There is small grounds at present nevertheless, that their appetency for – or ingestion of – fast nutrient, is decreasing. As Wiggins studies, †¦KFC s determination to cut back on advertisement to kids does non look to hold had an impact on its concern. The group s portion of the UK fast nutrient market rose to 12.4 per cent in 2005 from 11.9 per cent in 2002 ’ ( Wiggins 2006: n.p. ) . It may besides be argued that implementing dietetic alteration is non truly the map of selling controls, which simply illustrate the bounds of authorities authorization over what is basically a affair of single pick. Whereasanybaccy ingestion is deemed medically harmful, merely continuedover-ingestion of fat, salt and sugar can hold the same consequence. The authorities therefore has no authorization for legislative intervention in retailing, where such simple binary determinations but healthy/unhealthy are non applicable. Conversely, the fast nutrient ironss have strong inducements to collaborate with official guidelinesbeforeauthorities is forced to pass. An illustration of this occurred in New York City, where Board of Health h earings prompted the matter-of-fact backdown of unreal trans fats or hydrogenated oils from KFC mercantile establishments. ( Foster 2006: n.p. ) The same discretional moderateness of marketing proverb KFC stop its policy of offering playthings as portion of its Kids Choice’ bill of fare. ( Wiggins 2006: n.p. ) . In world, informedgovernments know that superficial dietetic counsel can non be a replacement for the deep social intercession required. As IASCO and the British Medical Association jointly express it, †¦Interventions at the household or school degree will necessitate to be matched by alterations in the societal and cultural context so that the benefits can be sustained and enhanced. Such bar schemes will necessitate a co-ordinated attempt between the medical community, wellness decision makers, instructors, parents, nutrient manufacturers and processors, retail merchants and caterers, advertizers and the media, diversion and athletics contrivers, urban designers, metropolis contrivers, politicians and legislators.’ ( IASCO 2008: n.p. ) . If this is accepted, it will necessitate much more than a nine o’clock media watershed for fast nutrient selling, to control childhood fleshiness. Bibliography Altman, M.C. , ( 2007 ) , The Decomposition of the Corporate Body’ ,Journal of Business Ethical motives,Vol.74, No.3, pp.253-266, Springer, USA. Blythman, J. , ( 2005 ) ,Shopped: The Shocking Power of British Supermarkets, Harper Perrenial, London. Cadbury-Schweppes, ( 2006 ) , Corporate and Social Responsibility Report, London. Carroll A.B. and Buchholz A. ( 2003 ) ,Business and Society: Ethical motives and Stakeholder direction, 5th Ed, Thomson: South-Western. Chryssides, G.D. and Kaler, J.H. ( Eds ) , ( 1993 )An Introduction to Business Ethical motives, Chapman and Hall, London. Daily Mail14ThursdayAugust 2007. De George, R. T. , ( 1995 ) ,Business Ethical motives,4ThursdayEdition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Donaldson, T. , and Werhane, P.H. , ( 1988 ) ,Ethical Issues in Business: A Philosophical Approach,Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Bouckaert, L. , ( 1994 ) , Business and Community’ in Harvey, B. , ( 1994 ) , ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Business Ethical motives, a European Approach,Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ. pp.154-191. Fisher, C. , Lovell, A. , ( 2006 ) ,Business Ethical motives and Valuess, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, London. Foster, L. , NYC Considers ban on unhealthy fats’ ,Financial Times,31 Oct 2006, INTERNET, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7d22d2ae-6885-11db-90ac-0000779e2340.html [ viewed 12.10.08 ] , n.p. Grant, J. , Fast-food Sellerss fear the fat will get down actioning them’ ,Financial Times,1stFeb 2005, INTERNET, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ft.com/cms/s/0/416e23a0-74a1-11d9-a769-00000e2511c8.html [ viewed 12.10.08 ] , n.p. Guthrie, J. , Man in the intelligence: Jamie Oliver’ ,Financial Times,3 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ft.com/cms/s/0/069bcf58-9175-11dd-b5cd-0000779fd18c.html, [ viewed 12.10.08 ] n.p. Harvey, B. , ( 1994 ) , ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Business Ethical motives, a European Approach,Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ. Hooley, G. , Saunders, J. , A ; Piercy, N. , ( 2004 )Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning( 3rdEdition ) Prentice Hall, Essex. IASCO, International Association for the Study of Obesity,Childhood Obesity Sydney Principles Consultation,INTERNET, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iotf.org/childhoodobesity.asp [ viewed 14.10.08 ] , n.p. John Lewis Partnership Plc Annual Report and Accounts, 2007. Lee, K. , Carter, S. , ( 2005 ) , Global Marketing Management: Changes, Challenges and New Strategies, Oxford, p.211. Monks, R. , and Minow, N. , ( 2004 ) ,Corporate Administration, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, ( 2003 ) , Childhood Obesity’ ,Postnote,Sept, No.5. Post, J. , Lawrence, A.T. , and Weber, J. , ( 2002 ) ,Business and Society: Corporate Strategy, Public Policy, Ethics,McGraw Hill, Boston. J.Sainsbury Plc, Annual Report and Financial Statement 2005. Teachernet, ( 2008 ) , Tackling the growing in childhood obesity’ , INTERNET, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teachernet.gov.uk/wholeschool/healthyliving/obesity/ [ viewed 12.10.08 ] , n.p. Varley, R. , ( 2001 ) ,Retail Product Management, Routledge, London. Wiggins, J. , Fast Food Chains Curb Targeting of Children’ ,Financial Times,15 Nov 2006, INTERNET, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ft.com/cms/s/0/421ffd10-744e-11db-8dd7-0000779e2340.html [ viewed 12.10.08 ] , n.p.

Economic factors that affect Tourism

Economic factors that affect Tourism Introduction Tourism is an essential element of economic growth and development of any given country in the contemporary world. A majority of developing countries rely heavily on tourism for government’s revenue. Tourism sector ranks as the leading sector in the creation of jobs, source of foreign exchange, and cultural development in many developing countries.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Economic factors that affect Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are three major types of tourism, which include leisure, exploration, and educational tourism (Sustaining Tourism 2013). Leisure tourism is the most common type of tourism where tourists visit attractive places for holiday and relaxation purposes. Exploration tourism is a type of tourism that is often undertaken by researchers and scientists for exploration purposes in different parts of the world (Balaguer Cantavell-Jorda 2002). Exploration tourism is often associated with discovery tours whereby a tourist is more after discovering new things rather than having pleasure. Finally, educational tourism is the most common type of tourism that is undertaken by young people in different types of the world. Its main aim lies in educational purposes in a selected destination country and visas expire after the ending of the educational course being undertaken. Various economic factors affect tourism either directly or indirectly, but they depend largely on the nature of tourism as shown in this paper. Economic Factors That Affect Tourism A tour operator should consider various economic factors in the selection of a tourist destination for holidays, education, and exploration. However, some factors are directly related to the economic growth and development of the country of destination, but these factors have an indirect influence in the relationship between economic factors and tourism. The first economic factor that needs to be considered is the political environment of the destination country (World Bank 2005). Politics play a major role in the growth and development of any country in the world. Nature of politics determines the behaviours of stock and foreign exchange markets in the sense that stable political environment attract foreign investors, while unstable political arena forces foreign investors to pull out of the economy. The case is the same for tourism whereby stable political environment is conducive for tourism activities, whereas unstable politics pose insecurity threats to the tourism sector (Todaro 2005).Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence, a prudent tourist operator cannot recommend such a destination due to low demand of international and domestic tourism. Developing nations are worst hit by political crises and especially during the electioneering period s. During such periods, the political environments are unstable and unpredictable, and in most cases, such an environment creates anxiety in economic activities (Lokman Hatemi 2005). In such situations, countries with bad historical politics are worst hit by economic downturns as foreign investors and other locals suspend their economic activities for fear of adverse effects of bad politics. Hence, demand for tourism declines rapidly during such periods until when there is an assurance of political stability. Secondly, international security is a great factor that determines the nature of demand for both foreign and local tourism. International security is mostly determined by two crucial elements, which include political environment and threats of terror. Political environment that poses a threat to international security comes from civic wars whereby governments engage in local battles with militia and rebels like the current situation in Syria. In such a case, international comm unity is obliged to move into the rescue of the oppressed, and thus posing international security threat (Arellano Bond 2002). On the other hand, threats of terror attacks are currently the leading cause of security threat across the world. Any given country is a potential target for terror attacks, but awareness depends on international security intelligence and wherever a warning is issued on potentiality of a country being attacked by terrorists, tourist operators do not recommend for tourism activities in such destinations. Terrorism attacks have long-term adverse effects on the tourism industry for a county takes a long time to assure foreigners of its security (Ardahaey 2011). In additional to security matters, individual security is also a matter of great concern in selecting a tourist destination. Security has a direct relationship to both the economic growth and development and tourism. There have been cases where locals have attacked and robbed tourists of their belonging s and in such cases, tourist operators do not recommend for such destinations. Tourism sector is very sensitive to security matters and it is always recommendable for governments to ensure that effective security policies are in place for assuring tourism safety.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Economic factors that affect Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thirdly, economic growth and development of a tourist destination is an important factor used in determining a tourist destination by the tourism operators. Economic growth and development is the mother of all other factors of tourism destinations, but looking on the trend, economic recession implies that economic growth is deteriorating and hence a threat to tourism. In such situations, foreign investors pull out of markets, thus causing a major blow to economic stability. Worst still, economic recession often leads to political instability and in cas e of economic stability and boom trends, tourists are attracted into an economy. The fourth important factor of tourism is the nature of the hospitality industry at the tourist destination in question. This aspect mostly affects leisure tourism whereby tourists demand an environment that is peaceful for relaxation. Hospitality is necessary for assurance of security and goodness of wellbeing to tourists (Visit Britain 2013. It is important to have excellent hotels that are located nearby the tourist attraction sites in order for tourists to consider such a tourist destination. Hospitality industry is directly related to the economic growth of a country for an economically stable country is capable of offering high quality hospitality services to tourists. The world’s most developed countries are leading in the hospitality industry, as they are capable of building excellent hotels that offer excellent accommodation facilities to the tourists (Durbarry 2004). This case is very d ifferent for most of the third world economies. The fifth crucial economic factor that affects tourism is the infrastructural conditions in the tourist destination countries. It is necessary to have good infrastructure at the points of tourist accommodation, which would include availability of power, clean water supply, and excellent transport network. In addition, health infrastructure is also a matter of concern for tourists and it should be considered when selecting the tourism destination. The developed nations are better placed for the provision of good infrastructure that is necessary for tourists than their counterparts.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tourists require excellent facilities that meet the international standards; unfortunately, such facilities are not easily available in the third world countries (Mason 2002). Third world countries are often forced to allocate more funds to developing the tourism industry than other crucial sectors and thus creating an imbalance of government spending, but the case is different for the developed countries. The sixth economic factor that affects tourism is the nature of tourist attraction sites in a given destination. For the case of leisure tourism, a tourist is often motivated by the nature of attraction sites at the destination. In the modern world, few tourist attraction sites are in their natural states, thus implying that economic conditions have contributed in the development of major attraction sites in the world (Dieke 2004). Third world countries enjoy the natural tourist attraction sites such as wildlife, sunny and sandy beaches, and attractive geographical features. Vario us studies indicate that these countries have done very little to modify these sites from their natural states, but done a lot to conserve them (Cunado Garcia 2006). However, the case is different for the majority of developed countries that have artificial tourist attraction sites such as artificial islands, hotels, and mega structures. The difference between the two classes of economy has played a major role in the development of tourist attraction sites. The seventh economic factor of tourism is the foreign exchange rates at the destination. Foreign exchange and bank interest rates are in most cases determined by demand and supply of foreign exchange in an economy (Greene William 2000). This aspect has a direct effect to the cost of tourism in a destination. For the cases of strong local currency, the foreign tourists are required to pay for goods and services and hence may evade such destinations. Studies have shown that third world counties are the cheapest destinations for fo reign tourists as they often have weaker currencies when compared to the currencies of the developed countries (Raymond 2001). This aspect explains the major reason why tourists rarely visit economies with strong currencies as they have expensive goods and services to customers. However, the case is different for first class hotel industries, which have standardised the costs of services. The eighth economic factor that affects tourism is the social factors that have direct effects on the tourism industry. Social factors include health of the locals, public hospitality, and social development in terms of literacy. Social wellbeing depends on the state of a country’s economic status and thus this factor is linked to economic determinants of a tourism destination. A flourished economy often has good social wellbeing that is conducive for tourism activities in an economy. A country that cannot ensure good health for its citizens cannot be recommended as a destination that is con ducive for tourism due to exposure to health risks. Countries whose citizens are known to be welcoming to tourists such as Kenya are more likely to attract tourists than those countries whose citizens are not welcoming. Literacy level is crucial for the tourism sector as tourists use international languages for communication (Cunado Garcia 2006). Illiteracy hinders effective communication between tourists and the locals and this aspect could discourage tourists from visiting a destination. Conclusion The growth and development of tourism depends entirely on the economic and development of a tourist destination. However, other crucial factors affect tourism, and such factors are more related to the social and political aspects that also have a direct relationship with the economic growth and development of a destination. It would be prudent to state that tourism is largely determined by economic factors since economic factors determine all other crucial factors that are necessary fo r tourism. Reference List Ardahaey, F 2011, ‘Economic Impacts of Tourism Industry’, International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 6 no. 8, pp. 123-145. Arellano, M Bond, S 2002, Panel Data Estimation using DPD for Oxford, Nuffield College Publishers, Oxford. Balaguer, J Cantavell-Jorda, M 2002, ‘Tourism as a Long-run Growth Factor: The Spanish Case’, Applied Economics, vo.34 no. 7, pp.877-884. Cunado, J Garcia, F 2006, ‘Real Convergence in Africa in the second-half of the 20th century,’ Journal of Economics and Business, vol.58 no. 8, pp.153-167. Dieke, P 2004, ‘Tourism in Africa’s Economic Development: Policy Implication’, Management Decision, vol.41 no.3, pp.287-295. Durbarry, R 2004, ‘Tourism and Economic Growth: The Case of Mauritius’, Tourism Economics, vol.10 no.3, pp.389-401. Greene, A William, H 2000, Econometric Analysis, Prentice Hall, London. Lokman, G Hatemi, A 2005, ‘Is the touri sm-led growth hypothesis valid for Turkey’, Applied Economics, vol.12 no. 2, pp. 499-504. Mason, J 2002, Qualitative Researching, SAGE, London. Raymond Y 2001, ‘Estimating the impact of economic factors on tourism: evidence from Hong Kong’, Tourism Economics, vol.7 no. 3, pp.277–293. Sustaining Tourism: Demand for Sustainable Tourism 2013, Web. Todaro, M 2005, Economic Development, Addison-Wesley Publishers, London. World Bank 2005, World Development Indicators 2005, World Bank, Washington, DC. Visit Britain: Traveller Tips 2013. Web.

The Complete Guide to AP Environmental Science FRQs

The Complete Guide to AP Environmental Science FRQs SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips AP Environmental Science is one of the most popular AP classes, but it has the lowest average score among test takers. In fact, more than half of students who take the exam don’t pass it.Oftentimes, the hardest part of the exam is the free-response section which students struggle with because they aren’t sure what to expect or what information graders are looking for.Fortunately, this guide can help. I’ll go over each type of AP Environmental Science FRQ, give sample problems and explanations, and end with tips you should follow in order to get your best score. What’s the Format of the AP Environmental Science Free-Response Section? On the day of the AP exam, your test will have two sections. First, you will have 90 minutes to answer 100 multiple-choice questions, then you’ll move onto the free-response section. Here's the format of the free-response section: 90 minutes total No calculator allowed Includes four questions: 1 document-based question The document-based question will give you a document or an excerpt from a document and ask you questions based on information it contains. The document can be a newspaper article, brochure, or something similar. 1 data set question This question will include data you must analyze and interpret. The data may be in a table, graph, chart, or stated within the question. Parts of the question will require calculations; parts will not. 2 synthesis and evaluation questions These are similar to the document-based question, except they won’t include outside documents. They sometimes include graphs or tables, however, you won’t be expected to do calculations for these types of questions. The free-response section is worth a total of 40% of your score. Most questions are worth 9-11 points, but each question is weighted equally, so each of the four questions will be worth 10% of your final score. In the free-responsesection, you’re expected to show reasoning and analytical skills, as well as the ability to synthesize information from multiple sources into coherent essays. AP Environmental Science FRQExamples Below are each of the three types of free-response questions you’ll see on the AP exam. For each question, I’ll go through the answer step-by-step so you can see how points are earned. Document-Based Question You’ll know the document-based question because it is typically the first question asked and it’ll have that â€Å"torn piece of paper† graphic you see above.Fortunately, compared to many other AP tests, the documents on AP Enviro exams tend to be quite short and there’s only one, so you should be able to read through it quickly.In this case, it looks like the document is part of an article from the Fremont Examiner that was printed in May 2013. Part A: Part A is worth four points: You’ll earn a point for each of the two activities you list and a point for each of the two explanations you give on how the activity alters sediment flow. In order to earn the full four points, the two activities must be reasonable human activities that can alter natural sediment flow, and your explanations must accurately explain how each activity would change the flow of sediment. There are a lot of different answers you could put; here’s a sample answer: Activity 1: Building Dams. Effect on flow of sediments: Building dams could block the flow of sediments from upstream, which would then decrease the sediment downstream of the dam and potentially starve the coast of nutrients. Building dams can also prevent flooding that would allow sediment to be deposited on the floodplain as well as decrease increase flow velocity which can increase erosion downstream. Activity 2: Water Extraction. Effect on flow of sediments: Overuse or over pumping of water can reduce river flows, which in turn decreases the sediment load to the Gulf. Note that you don’t have to write complete paragraphs for every question. It’s enough to clearly label the different parts of your answer and give a thorough explanation. Part B: Part B is worth two points, one point for each description. (Be aware that they’re asking for ecological impacts, not economic impacts). A potential answer could be: 1. Loss of coastal habitats that certain plant and animal species need to survive 2. Increased flooding of coastal wetlands due to the loss of beaches and barrier islands For this answer, you don’t even need to give complete sentences. For the free-response section, don’t add a lot of fluff to your answers thinking it’ll raise your score. Graders are looking for specific points, and the easier you make it to find your answers, the easier they’ll be able to award you points. Part C: Part C has three different parts within it; let’s break them down one by one. (i)This part is worth two points, and you get them just by listing two environmental impacts fertilizer has on the Gulf of Mexico’s marine ecosystem.Potential answer: Increased algae growth and lower dissolved oxygen (ii)This is almost the same as the above question, except now you’re listing economic instead of environmental impacts.Potential answer: decreased property values and increased seafood prices due to lower seafood supply. (iii)For the final part of this question, worth one point, you have to give a strategy to reduce the flow of nutrients into the Mississippi River (besides reducing fertilizer).Potential answer: Add green roofs to reduce runoff. As you’ve probably noticed, document-based questions are pretty straightforward and can usually be answered in a few words or a sentence or two. The key is to pay attention to exactly what the question is asking, going into enough depth to completely answer the question, and making it easy for graders to find each of your answers to the different parts of the question. Make it easy for the graders to find your answers. Data Set Question This is when you'll need to do some calculations. As a reminder, no calculator is allowed on this exam. The good news is that this means that the calculations you’ll need to complete will likely be much simpler than those of other AP science exams. Typically, you’ll only need to complete simple algebraic expressions to solve the problem. Part A: For the first part of this question, worth two points, you don’t need to do any calculations; you just need to list two pollutants that fit the description in the question. Examples: fertilizers, animal feces, pesticides, gasoline, road salts, etc. Part B: Here’s where you’ll complete your first calculation. You can earn one point for correctly setting up the question (so be sure to show your work!) and one point for the correct answer. This is a basic volume question. To answer it, you’ll need to know that the volume of a rectangular solid (which is roughly the shape of most parking lots) is length * width * height. From the question, we know that length= 200m and width=100m, and since we’re calculating based on a 5cm rainfall, width = 5cm. However, these measurements don’t all have the same unit! Before we calculate volume, we have to convert 5cm to meters. 5cm * (1m/100cm)= 0.05m Since there are 100 cm in a meter, this is a pretty simple calculation, but don’t be tempted to skip it and just writedown .05m. Be sure to show your work! If you don’t, you won’t get the maximum number of points. Now that we have all the pieces of info we need, with the correct units, we can plug those numbers into the volume equation: V= 200m * 100m * .05m = $\1000m^{3}$ Part C: You’ll need to complete another volume calculation for this part. This question wants to know the volume of runoff for the entire community, not just the parking lot. As in Part B, this question is also worth two points, one for correctly setting up the question and one for giving the correct answer. We’ll still use our handy V=lwh equation to find the volume of a rectangular solid. We know that the area of Fremont (so length * width) is $\10km^{2}$ , which we’ll need to convert to $\m^{2}$ $\10km^{2}$ * ($\1,000,000m^{2}$/1 $\km^{2}$) = $\10,000,000m^{2}$ We know that height is still .05m, based on part B, so now we can plug our numbers into the volume equation. V = $\10,000,000m^{2}$ * .05m = $\500,000m^{3}$ But, we’re not done yet! Remember, only 20% is covered by impervious surfaces, which we are told to assume are the only areas that generate runoff.So, first, we have to figure out the area of impervious surfaces in Fremont. This just involves finding 20% of Fremont’s total volume: $\500,000m^{3}$ * 0.2= $\100,000m^{3}$ Part D: Part D is worth one point, and, to get that point, you have to give the correct answer with your work shown.This is another question about volumes, but you don’t need to calculate any volumes this time, you just have to do some simple addition and subtraction. Since the treatment plant can treat up to $\10,000m^{3}$ of sewage and storm water a day, and it receives $\5,000m^{3}$ of sewage daily, the runoff that bypasses the plant is the amount of total runoff plus the $\5,000m^{3}$ of regular sewage minus the $\10,000m^{3}$ that would get treated. Runoff that bypasses the plant = Total runoff + $\5,000m^{3}$ - $\10,000m^{3}$ We calculated runoff from the parking lot and the community in part c ($\100,000m^{3}$), so we just need to plug that value in. Runoff that bypasses the plant = $\100,000m^{3}$ + $\5,000m^{3}$ - $\10,000m^{3}$ = $\95,000m^{3}$ Part E: Possible answers: Create wetlands to absorb storm water Install rain barrels and cisterns to collect storm water Install green roofs or rooftop gardens to use storm water Part F: To earn part F’s one point, you must give an environmental problem that occurs when there are extensive paved areas. Possible answers: Erosion caused by flooding or excess runoff Habitat destruction caused by the removal of vegetation Hopefully this sewer is better-prepared for storm water than Fremont's sewer system is. Synthesis and Evaluation Question As a reminder, there are two synthesis and evaluation questions on each AP exam. Here's an example of one: Part A: You can earn up to two points, one for each characteristic. Possible answers:Complex food webs, greater genetic diversity, large number of different species Part B: Part B is worth four points, one point for each activity you provide (up to two) and one point for correctly explaining how each activity results in a loss of biodiversity. Note that you’ll have to use your answers forthis part to come up with your answer for part C, so you may want to take that into account when you’re thinking about which activities to list. This is part of the reason why skimming through the entire question before you begin answering can be very helpful! Possible answers: Activity 1: Logging/deforestation. Explanation: Reduces habitat for many species and causes habitat fragmentation. Activity 2: Introduction of invasive species. Explanation: Displaces native species. Part C: Here you can earn two points, one for each reasonable solution you give for the activities you listed in part b. Possible answers: Activity 1: Logging/deforestation. Solution: Replant trees; engage in selective cutting. Activity 2: Introduction of invasive species. Solution: Create checkpoints for agricultural inspections; create stricter laws on the import of exotic species. Part D: To earn the one point for part D, you need to correctly describe a naturally occurring factor that could lead to a loss of biodiversity. Possible answers: Wildfires can wipe out small populations Hurricanes/tsunamis can destroy estuaries and coastal ecosystems Droughts can cause some species to lose their food sources Part E: Part E is worth two points, one for each ecological benefit you list. Possible answers: Greater control of pest species Water filtration by intact ecosystems More source material for evolution Here's a pest you'd probably like to control. Tips for Solving AP Enviro Free-Response Questions The AP Environmental Science FRQs often trip students up, and, for most questions, the average score is 30-40%. Below are some tips you should keep in mind while studying as well as when you’re taking the test to help you improve your chances of scoring well on this section. 1. Figure OutHow Long You Want to Spend on Each Question Before You Begin You will have 90 minutes to complete the entire free-response section, which gives you about 22 minutes per question.However, you don’t need to spend exactly the same amount of time on each question. In fact, you can divide your time between the four essays any way you want. Some people spend longer on the data set question due to the calculations involved, while others find that the quickest question and take longer to answer questions that require complete sentences or paragraphs.You may spend 15 minutes on one question and close to a half-hour on another. The best way to learn which questions take you longer is to complete a lot of practice problems, which we’ll discuss in the next section. Once you’re comfortable with each type of free-response question, you can go into exam day knowing about how long you want to spend on each question. Also, you absolutely don’t have to answer the questions in order. When you start the section, give them a quick look-through and decide which one you’d like to answer first. A lot of people choose to start with the question they are most confident with so that they’ll (hopefully) have extra time at the end for questions they find trickier. 2. Be Comfortable Solving Equations Without a Calculator AP Environmental Science is the only AP science exam where you cannot use a calculator for the free-response section, which includes the data set question.As you saw above, none of the calculations you’ll need to do are particularly tricky, but if you’re slow at mental math, you could waste a lot of time you’ll need to complete the three other questions in this section. Once again, the best way to prepare for this is to practice. Complete plenty of data set practice problems without a calculator so that you get used to quickly doing math by hand.You don’t want all your hand-earned knowledge to be wasted come test day when you find yourself struggling to solve equations. 3. Keep Your Units Straight My final tip also applies primarily to the data set question. As you saw in the sampleproblem, questions often includemultiple types of units. The sample problem had centimeters, meters, and kilometers.Making a careless error and reading â€Å"5cm† as â€Å"5m† will cost you points on the exam. When you take the test, be sure to pay attention to every unit that you see. Circle or underline the units if you have to in order to make them stand out.Also, you should be a pro at converting between units. You don’t want to waste time trying to remember how many meters are in a kilometer; it should be something you know off the top of your head. Now, even after you’ve become a unit expert, don’t forget to show your work when you convert from one unit to the next. Even if the process of going from meters to kilometers seems ridiculously obvious to you and doesn’t seem like it warrants being written out, do it anyway! Typically, half the points you earn on calculation problems are from showing your work, so don’t let a bit of laziness lower your score. How to Practice Free-Response Questions After reading this far, you now know all the basics of the AP Environmental Science free-response section.However, the way to really conquer the test and get a high score is to become an expert! How can you do that? The best way is to complete lots of practice problems. On their website, the College Board has links to all the previously given free-response questions for exams from 1999-2015.That means you have dozens of official free-response questions to look over and practice.Because there are so many free-response problems, you can begin completing practice problems a few months into your class (say around November) and continuing up until the AP exam. At the beginning of the year, when you’re still learning a lot of the course material, you can read through the questions to find the ones that focus on topics you’ve already covered.In order to get the most of these practice problems, use a timer and give yourself the same timing limitations the real exam will have. Also, no calculator! Conclusion The free-response section of the AP Environmental Science exam is often challenging for students, but becoming familiar with it can go a long way to helping you get a higher score. The free-response section contains four questions: 1 document-based question 1 data set question 2 synthesis and evaluation questions You’ll have 90 minutes to complete this section, and it’s worth 40% of your total score. Also, no calculators are allowed. To maximize your chances of doing well keep these three tips in mind: Figure out how long to spend on each question before you begin Be comfortable solving equations without a calculator Keep your units straight Also, remember to complete lots of practice problems so you’ll feel confident and prepared on the day of the exam. What's Next? Want some more practice materials for AP Enviro? We've got 'em! Check out our guide with links to every AP Environmental Science practice test and quiz available online (coming soon). Now you know what the free-response section will be like, but how do you review for AP Enviro? Our guide walks you through each step of creating a study plan that will pinpoint what you need to study. Wondering when you should start studying for AP Enviro and other AP exams?In our guide, we help you figure out exactly when you need to start cracking open those review books. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Management 3010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Management 3010 - Essay Example lity, alignment and engagement should also be assessed as they are three competencies that every company requires to succeed in the current business environment. Jean Martin (2013), further states that talent management drives tremendous business results and points out some of the associated trends. The first trend that she considers is the changes in the complicated new work environment as far as the structure of the organization is concerned which has resulted in a shift in the manner in which work gets done. There have also been shifts in the number of people who are required to make decisions in companies in the past several years as well as changes in demographics in the workforce with has resulted in the workforce of organizations having three to four generations of workers working together. These different generations may have varying preferences, knowledge backgrounds and work styles. Additionally, employees have to deal with the new complicated work environment of organizations while at the same time seeking more from what they have creating a difficult changed environment. With the changes in the environment of the organization, th e demands for better performance from the workers have increased straining them with newer realities like changes in the amount of work that needs collaboration with other workers. According to Jean Martin (2013), four generations constitute the current workforce. These generations include the veterans, who are those that were born prior to 1946 and are associated with a strong work ethic. Majority of them served in the military and thus usually respect their seniors, while being associated with dedication and self-sacrifice. The baby boomers are those who were born in 1946 and 1964 and are thought to have come up with the sixty-hour workweek whilst being too competitive in some instance. This generation of workers turns endings to beginnings and they consider retirement as the beginning of their career’s transition. The

Unit 2 Assignment Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 2 Assignment - Speech or Presentation Example Any company success depends on its employees. Satisfied employee will motivate to give their best and unsatisfied employees will not give their 100 percent, will engage himself and other in unproductive activities and if find opportunity on another company, will leave job. An individual’s job satisfaction could be different on intrinsic, extrinsic, and benefits. Individuals overall job satisfaction increases the chance of company success. Majority (76%) of the participants are male. Only, 24% of the participants are female. Figure 1 shows the â€Å"tenure with company† distribution by gender. The â€Å"tenure with company† distribution for male is approximately same for tenure less than 2 year (36.8%), 2 to 5 years (31.6%), and over 5 years (31.6%). The â€Å"tenure with company† distribution for female is less than 2 year (33.3%), 2 to 5 years (16.7%), and over 5 years (50.0%). There is chance of 63.6% that an individual will be a salaried employee whose intrinsic satisfaction value is 5 or more. Therefore, there is chance of 36.4%% that an individual will be a salaried employee whose intrinsic satisfaction value is less than

Nestle Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nestle Case Study - Essay Example The paper will eventually conclude by offering recommendations based on the analysed findings, which will help in solving strategic problems that affect the company. Introduction The history of nestle company began in 1860s when a trained pharmacist named Henri Nestle began researching for healthy economical alternatives to breastfeeding for mothers who could not lactate due to various reasons. Henri Nestle began by carrying out experiments of various combinations of cow’s milk, sugar and wheat flour with an aim of curbing the problem of infant mortality caused by malnutrition. The outcome of Henri’s combination was called the New Product Farine Lactee Henri Nestle (Klopping, 2013). Nestle’s first customer was a premature infant who could not consume the breast milk or any other conventional substitute, and even the physicians could not solve the infant’s case. The infant’s positivity towards Henri’s food exposed the product to the people who had earlier had negative perceptions towards the product. The company began adding chocolate to its food lines and from then on, the product hit the European market. In 1874, Jules Monnerat purchased Nestle Company, and it began condensing its own milk production in order to compete with its then competitor the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company (Klopping, 2013). However, the rivalry ended when the two companies decided to merge in 1905. The newly formed company operated in Britain, Spain, USA and Germany, but several years down the line, the company ventured Far East towards Australia, India, Hong Kong and the general pacific. The onset of world War I brought along severe disruptions that interrupted the smooth running of businesses. For instance, acquiring raw materials and distributing products became extremely difficult leading to shortages in food supply, which led Nestle to purchase several factories in the US so as to meet up the demand for condensed milk and dairy products. This fostered business boom and by the end of the war, Nestle had made a good fetch. After the end of the World War, milk became available and the situation, combined with post War economic recovery led Nestle into dept slip. However, the company through the help of a baker strategized on ways to reduce debts, and in 1920, the company came up with another product line of new chocolate and powdered beverage product. In 1930, Nestle invented Nescafe and Nestea, which hit the market throughout even in the onset of World War II because Nescafe became a favourable beverage for servicemen in Europe and Asia (Smith, 2007). In 1947, the company continued to portray its progress by merging with Alimentana, a soups and seasoning manufacturing company. Prior to the food market, the company expanded by becoming a major stakeholder in L’Oreal cosmetics by the year 1974, but the progress was cut short later when Nestle suffered due to global economic crisis like hiking oil prices, unstabl e exchange rates, and the rise of raw material prices that included beans and cocoa. The situation forced Nestle to venture into Alcon Laboratories, Inc. In turn of events, Nestle’s food products faced an international boycott. The boycott arose after the company introduced its products to the developing countries where illiteracy was high and the misuse of formula was misused. Most mothers from these

Sales agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sales agreement - Essay Example 15 important points are elaborated, in which it starts with the product limited warranty. Acer emphasizes that no defects in materials will disturbed and provided workmanship during the limited warranty period if reparation is needed due to certain options. Fortunately, buyers can have hardware technical support via on-line, telephone and other methods. Buyers should be careful to use their own software since it might have errors that have no relation to be assisted by Acer. For the on-site service, buyers should understand their locations, because there are regulations of distance and geographical areas from Acer. Point number 5 (five) of â€Å"Limitations and Exclusions† be carefully noticed; in this case, those are things that Acer is not responsible for such as damages caused by personal faulty, damages caused by combination made to the products with other non-Gateway branded products, and mice problem at buyer’s place. Next, buyers should be on time to make registr ation of their warranty within 30 days after the purchase. Assistance from buyers is needed when there are problems to repair, and Acer want them to keep the data on other devices when the reparation is about to be done.

Finance analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance analysis - Essay Example As it is eminent through Figure 1, that return on assets as well as equity for ExxonMobil is much higher as compared to Shell’s, this is undoubtedly due to the fact that Shell’s profit margins are not even half of what Exxon earns. But the author also considers the fact that 11.80 % is not the half of 17.00 % which Exxon was able to attain. It is to be noted that the figures above only concern the year ending 2007, considering the fact that Exxon Mobil surpasses Shell in every manner here except for ‘Fixed Asset Turnover’, also considering that Exxon is a fundamentally stronger company than Shell the ‘fixed asset turnover’ wouldn’t be much of a hurdle. Although the author would like to place in some several very important facts here: The receivable days for Shell have decreased since the year 2005, when they were 79; but the receivable days for Exxon have increased from 27 to 33. Which is not a good sign for the company, but then again, there exist tremendous difference between the numbers 33 – 76. It seems Shell still has a long way to go. Similarly Shell has been able to decrease their credit period from 100 days in 2005 to just 93, as compared to Exxon’s which was 71 in 2005 and has increased to 83, so Shell is quite close on this one. It appears that Shell has conquered the liability / asset battle. Shell is officially ahead of Exxon on both the patterns of Liquidities, but not by far. Especially on the current ratio part which matters the most. Both the company’s are superbly maintaining their debt to equity ratios, as a matter of fact, if these figures go beyond this, the companies might set a new record and an example for other corporations; even attracting their jealousy. But considering their fundamentally sound position, this was eminent. Although, Exxon’s lead on Interest Coverage might prove to be a factor while considering dividends, as it processes out maximum dividends based on its Interest Coverage

Sales agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sales agreement - Essay Example 15 important points are elaborated, in which it starts with the product limited warranty. Acer emphasizes that no defects in materials will disturbed and provided workmanship during the limited warranty period if reparation is needed due to certain options. Fortunately, buyers can have hardware technical support via on-line, telephone and other methods. Buyers should be careful to use their own software since it might have errors that have no relation to be assisted by Acer. For the on-site service, buyers should understand their locations, because there are regulations of distance and geographical areas from Acer. Point number 5 (five) of â€Å"Limitations and Exclusions† be carefully noticed; in this case, those are things that Acer is not responsible for such as damages caused by personal faulty, damages caused by combination made to the products with other non-Gateway branded products, and mice problem at buyer’s place. Next, buyers should be on time to make registr ation of their warranty within 30 days after the purchase. Assistance from buyers is needed when there are problems to repair, and Acer want them to keep the data on other devices when the reparation is about to be done.

Comparing Architectural Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Comparing Architectural Styles - Essay Example Frank Gehry and Le Corbusier have been the most distinct styles of architecture. Both the styles have major contributions in creations of some of the most well known buildings in this world. But the two styles have been quite distinct. Frank Gehry involves construction adding a playful as well as whimsical touch while Le Corbusier is a much more simplified one (Comparing Architectural Styles). The essay intends to present a detailed comparison of the two architectural styles thereby giving a vivid description of both the styles. Architecture can be regarded as the greatest skill or art that human beings have developed. He has made the effective use of the art to create spaces and utilize the total space for his own usage (Jones 1). The development of architectural skills originated from the Renaissance period. Buildings were inspired by religious beliefs as well as mythologies. From 1980s onwards changes began to take place in the area of modern architecture. There emerged the era of postmodernism. Development of a proper theory helped in changing attitudes towards design and innovative ideas. Modern architecture was chiefly concerned with improvisation of prevailing human conditions. For this purpose it led to assimilation of nature and technology. Overall all this evolvement has helped people in developing new skills (Heyer, 84). In recent times the most well known international styles of architecture has been Le Corbusier and Frank Gehry. Villa Savoy in France is inspired by Le Corbusier architectural st yle while Guggenheim Museum in Spain has been designed according to Frank Gehry style of architecture. Both of the styles have been influenced by cultural orientation (Comparing Architectural Styles).   Le Corbusier style of Architecture This style of architecture was born under the father of architectural style Le Corbusier. He first gave houses and other constructions a new modern look and containing plenty of open space. He also created furnishings for his buildings. He invented the purist design. He has major contributions for improvisation of constructions of houses in metropolitan cities. His lesson of five points in architecture has helped many modern day architects in enhancing their architectural skills. He wanted modern look in cities with lots of open spaces. He used to believe that â€Å"a house is a machine for living in†. He began his career by designing a number of villas. His goal was to establish his own signature style of architecture to fill the vacuum cr eated by the World War I. His focus was on houses made for single families and gave many unique ideas. He made houses with three floors with kitchen, bedroom and living room in different floors. One important feature of his designs was that terraces were built on the roof (Analysis of Le Corbusier’s Architectural Style). Le Corbusier style has emphasized on the relationship between human and nature. Gardens and other such open spaces are always occupied with dwelling places under this style. Tall buildings are found with roof gardens. The principal style places a construction in the middle of landscape. This style surely causes a harmonization between landscape and architecture. Here the building along with the landscape together constitutes the desirable space (Heyer, 86). The specialty of Le Corbusier’s style of architecture has been free flowing geometry with outcomes obtained in free forms. The architects and also developers have gone through Le Corbusier’s theories to understand the style of designing a free flowing apartment amidst a landscape (Heyer, 6). Construction now required heavy usage of steel and concrete with a tint of industrial glazing. New architectural sty

Bridgeton Industries Essay Example for Free

Bridgeton Industries Essay 1. Describe the competitive environment for Bridgeton as well as the cost accounting system currently in use. When foreign competition and scarce, expensive gasoline began to play an important role in the market, Bridgeton began to lose domestic market share. The ACF Bridgeton plant faced new challenges in their production that led them to serious cutbacks like the closing of the ACF plant for manufacture of fuel-efficient diesel engines. By 1987, they classified their products in terms of â€Å"world class† competitive position and potential. With four criteria (quality, customer service, technical capability and competitive cost position) they classified their products in Class I (remain), II (observe) and III (outsource). The classification allowed Bridgeton to take decisions on how to better manage their products performance compared to their competitors. The cost accounting system was product costing, a mixed between job costing and process costing. 2. Explain why manifolds moved from Class II to Class III after oil pans and muffler-exhaust systems had been outsourced from the ACF. Despite improvements in the production process manifolds were downgraded from Class II to III. The results were not sufficient, even though they increased the uptime from an average of 30% to 65% they were behind their Japanese competitors that reached a â€Å"world class† goal of 80% uptime. In addition, as seen in Exhibit 2, the direct material costs for manifolds (based on stainless steel) is extremely high as a percentage of sales (around 40%) compared to the other products manufactured at ACF and at a better Class level. However, there was a doubt on this move due to the possibility of new market requirements for lighter weight (more efficient manifolds). This represented a good opportunity for ACF because as they manufactured manifolds with stainless steel, demand could increase and therefore selling price too.

Consumer Knowledge About Nutritional Information Marketing Essay

Consumer Knowledge About Nutritional Information Marketing Essay The research is based on the impact of nutritional labeling on consumer buying behavior. the purpose of the study is to identify the factors that influence consumers to consider nutritional labeling while making a purchase from them or for their house hold. Moreover it also determines that printed nutritional value on packaged food products is essential for the consumer buying decision. This study made the researchers clear about the knowledge a consumer have about a nutritional content of package food products and also the nutrients a consumer look for their healthy diet through detailed published articles, journals and blogs related to food label. Many articles were referred for understanding of the reasons which play an important role in consumer buying behavior. This research is based on quantitative data; secondary data is referred for the understanding of the topic. The data is collected through questionnaires from 200 respondents of different age, gender, income and education level living in different areas of Karachi mainly from Defence/Clifton, KDA/Bahadarabad/PECHS, North Nazimabad/Nazimabad/F.B. Area, Gulshan e Iqbal/Gulistan e Jauhar/Malir and Saddar. The findings which are analyzed through this research are that there are various factors that influence consumers to read nutritional labeling while making a purchase. By these findings the researchers are able to develop a framework representing the socio economic classifications (SEC) that have an impact on consumer buying behavior. result_________________________ Introduction: Background: Labeling is defined as printed information or written text on the container of the product or it can be define as a subset of packaging (Prathiraja Ariyawardana, 2003). In food industry, labeling might just include the name of a brand, name of a product or logo but mostly it includes variety of information about a product like nutritional information, manufacturing date, expiration date, method of usage, contacts etc along with brand name, product name and logo. A label is one of the points of contact between producer and purchaser and is also a part of producer marketing plan (Prathiraja Ariyawardana, 2003). Labeling make consumers aware about any unique characteristic of the food, its nutritional properties, the way to use and how to preserve, all of these are of the upmost importance when buying, since the consumer has the opportunity to make purchasing decision (Senesi, Nayga, Gà ³mez, Palau, Ordoà ±ez, 2006). The items that consumers are most likely to read are price, prepa ration, manipulation and preservation of products. Another study revealed the items most read comprise calories, fats, sugar and fiber contents (Godwin, Henderson, Thompson, 2006). Information on a food label was found to affect a customer purchase behavior significantly. Nutritional information might make easy label use by increasing its benefits and by increasing the effectiveness of their use, thereby reducing the cost of using them. Nutritional information plays a significant role in providing relevant information to consumer through which the purchasing behavior varies (Prathiraja Ariyawardane, 2003). The level of awareness required to make the purchase decisions are compared across different socio-economic groups. Many investigators have also found that the interest in reading the food labels increases with age up to the mid-fifties, and thereafter it declines (Sushil Kumar Jabir Ali, 2011). The food printed label includes different information but it is found that nutritio nal value is one of the most important information for customers. Research Problem: The purpose of the study is to identify factors on the nutritional food label in influencing purchase decision in accordance with the socio-economic classification (SEC) of the consumers, while secondary objective of the research is to identify the characteristics of consumers and the extent of knowledge concerning nutritional value (senesi et al, 2006). Moreover this research helps to find the relation between printed nutrition value on packaged food product and consumer buying behavior. Consumers will choose better food products if they understand and use the food labels (senesi et al, 2006). The study explores the complex relationship of nutrition knowledge and consumer buying decision (Drichoutis, Lazaridis and Nayga,2006). The study can help to determine that printed nutritional value on packaged food products is essential for the customer buying decision or not. In the context to nutritional labeling, many customer switch towards other products after reading printed nutrition v alue such as fat, calories etc. The study also identifies those nutrition values which have a negative effect on consumer buying behavior. Problem Statement: The impact of printed nutritional labeling on consumer buying behavior. Objective of the study: To analyze the impact of printed nutritional labeling on consumer buying behavior. Sub Objectives: To examine the impact of printed nutritional labeling according to the gender of respondents. To identify how different age group respond to products with nutritional labeling. To analyze how educational level affect the consumers response to nutritional level. To study the impact of households income towards buying products with nutritional labeling. Scope: This research will be a study of Karachi, Pakistan. We will get the forms filled by middle and upper middle class visiting the malls and various supermarkets. We will ask them whether their buying preferences changed after reading the nutrition fact. Justification: By the research we will get to know how nutritional information printed on packaged food will benefit each stake holders: The biggest advantage for consumers will be confidence and ownership as the product is tested under certain standards. They will feel that the product is healthy for them. Consumers will get the advantage of time saving as they dont have to search and find out whether the product is safe or not. It will be beneficial for consumers who are health conscious and individuals who are on special diet recommended by doctors. Consumers can use health claims, which appear on the front of food packages, to recognize foods with positive nutritional qualities related to risk factors. Printed nutritional labeling will serve as a great way of promotion for the manufacture as it will provide their product an image of a safe and healthy brand. The producer will have its own unique product identity. The producer will get the competitive advantage as they will retain the loyal customer, lose fewer customers and attract more new customers. Assumptions: Our assumption is that all the economic indicators will remain same as well as the pattern of buying behavior. This assumption is made so that we can have result that is based on complete objectivity. We are also assuming that the nutrition information printed on the label of the packaged food is correct and by concerned authority. There is no kind of miss interpretation and proper application of government policy is kept in view by the producers while printing of the nutritional labeling.   In this research we are also assuming that consumers are aware of printed nutritional labeling found at the back of the every food item. Limitations: Our study will only consider the impact of gender, income, age, and life style index (LSI) and education level towards consumer buying behavior of nutritional products with printed nutritional labels on them. We are only focusing on those food products that have printed labeling on them. Structure of Report The research is divided into five main chapters which are Introduction, Literature review, Research Methodology, Data Findings and Analysis, Conclusion and Recommendations. Chapter 1 of this research relates to introduction and background of the study, research problem and objectives, justification of the research and a brief study of the search methodology that is used. Chapter 2 is about the previous studies conducted on nutritional labeling and consumer behavior. It also discusses the socio-economic factors which influence consumer buying behavior towards reading nutritional labeling on packaged food products in Karachi. Chapter 3 focuses on the research methodology, research design, sampling techniques, data analysis method, research design, as well as limitations to this research. In Chapter 4, the focus is on the research findings, Chapter 5 on analysis of the data that has been collected from respondents through questionnaires. Chapter 6 is Conclusion and recommendations that have been derived from this research are in Chapter 7. Literature Review: Printed nutrition labels are proposed to be used to help people make healthier choices, and consumers recognize them as a tool to improve health. Consumers can get relevant nutritional information with the help of nutritional labeling. It is found in researches that the consumer purchase behavior is affected by the nutritional labeling. The presence of nutritional information may influence the consumers to switch from unhealthy food products towards healthy food products (Anderson Zarkin, 1992). The interest on the consumers is to purchase and intake of improved nutritional foods which thus depends on the quantity and quality of information provided through a number of sources that also includes nutritional labeling. A printed label not only carries a brand name but also a source of important information (Caswell Padberg, 1999). CONSUMER KNOWLEDGE ABOUT NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION: Due to globalization, consumers are becoming more aware about nutritional information because there is an increase in the food information available to them through sources such as food nutritional labeling, electronic and print media.Advertising involvement is another marketing concept that helps to identify consumer interest in processing making information. The impact of advertising creates a perception in the minds of consumers regarding the product and increases the awareness and reinforces the consumer to purchase a certain brand that has high advertisement involvement (KapoorKulshrestha, 2008). As the consumers have become more demanding now days therefore the producers have understand the psychology of consumers and guide them with practical knowledge to cater the market and serve the people. Consumers can end up making better food choices if they value and make use of the nutritional labeling. The government is also playing an essential part by imposing restrictions on the consumption of some products. Therefore, they are regulating product labeling especially on food processing where it is manufactured. This has a positive effect on consumers behavior as they can get to know the amount of nutrients content present in a food. (Senesi et al, 2006). NUTRITIONAL LABELLING: The nutritional labels have become increasingly important, particularly as products move from the status of basic commodities to highly processed, value-added products significance of a well-balanced diet. Nutrition information on groceries items allows consumers to consume a range of healthy foods, maintain optimum weight and choose a diet with low fat/ cholesterol. Select a diet with abundance of vegetables, fruits, and grain products, and restrain from sugars, salt/sodium that are considered unhealthy. Consumers can use health claims, which appear on the front of food packages, to recognize foods with positive nutritional qualities related to risk factors and wellness. These are the claims about the relationship between a nutrient or a food and the risk of an illness or health-related condition (JeddiZaeim, 2010). A label might carry only the brand name or a great deal of nutritional information (Kotler, 2001). A label is the most important point of contact between the manufacturer and the buyer and it is consider as an important part of marketing as well. It is not only consider a piece of paper stuck on the package but also an expression on which consumer important decisions are based. A label should clearly and simply state the name of the product, the nutrition facts (nutritional label), the net weight, the name and address of the producer, and the brand name. The label printed on the packaged food is mostly viewed before purchasing the product which portrays that the label has an impact on the buying behavior of individuals. Consumers inclination to a food item is directly affected by self-control and temptation. (Hassan et al., 2010), (Campos et al., 2011). The printed food labels act as an indicating tool by which food companies assure that their potential consumers are satisfied regarding to their sound quality control practices. However, there are many issues and questions related to food labeling till date, one such question has been raised around the globe which is how far the consumer is aware of printed food labeling and can they understand the provided relevant information on the package. Consumers who are more health conscious have a habit of reading the label. They prefer to purchase an item that fulfills their daily nutritional value even if the brand is of higher price than the other brands available in market. This behavior can also be applied on consumers who have medical problems such as diabetes or cholesterol. This shows that certain category of consumers is willing to pay a higher price for nutrients beneficial for them (Magistris et al., 2010). Nutritional label benefits the consumers to analyze the factors of packaged food which allow them to have a healthier diet choice. According to the mechanism of the body they can balance the amount food to consume that will help them to stay fit in long run (Drichoutis et al., 2008). The consumers in Middle East give preference to the label at the time of first purchase. A study was carried out which showed that when consumers purchase the product for the first time they read the nutrients present in the food and on latter purchase of the same food brand they check the date till which they can use the product and the date of manufacture (Washi, 2012). Consumers also take into consideration of the health claims relation to nutrition such as vitamin, protein, sugar free and etc. people believe them to be true and help them to make the decision quicker. If certain health claim is present in front they grasp the product and further read the nutrient label to know that what other good nutrients are present in it. Consumers prefer that short and easy words are used so that they can understand them easily. Moreover if the claims are approved by FDA it gives an added advantage and surety that an agency is keeping a check on companies (Williams, 2005). The consumers with the help of labeling gets to know and understand the products characteristics, nutritional properties, preservation and instructions to facilitate the consumers to make a sound decision at the time of purchase, hence it carries a great significance (Senesi et al, 2006). By identifying the factors that have an effect on the peoples use of dietary labeling, the manufacturers can do the profiling of the consumers that do or do not exercise nutritional food labeling. It can result in improving public health, manipulating the proper labeling and increasing the productivity of the company (Senesi et al, 2006). Similarly the people who have much time to spend on grocery shopping are found to be more label users (Drichoustis 2006). It can also be seen that consumers who are more anxious about their health and nutrition give more time to read the printed nutritional labels. Similarly, consumers who are on a special diet or organic buyers or even those that have any kind of disease are preferred to search for on-pack printed nutrition information (Drichoustis 2006). Type of household also holds effect on reading of printed nutritional labels, as in a case where smaller households or households with young children are more involved in nutrition information sea rch behaviors. People with a healthier profile and eating habits prefer to see glance at the printed nutritional labeling for a more appropriate knowledge of the product. Moreover printed nutritional labeling is not directly linked with price and is preferred by people following a special diet plan or with health related issues like high BP, sugar, heart diseases or any kind of food allergies (Magistris et al., 2010). Printed nutritional labeling empowers consumers to have their own view at the components of the products which enables them to have a healthier diet choice in a way which they can intake in their busy life style now a days. (Drichoutis et al., 2008). The effects of printing nutritional labeling can be even greater on the buying behavior of consumer and they can be more educated if labeling is combined with an information campaign. It has been found in the research that purchasing behavior of consumers is effected by the nutritional information present on the label because this information influence their perception about the products and thus change their decision ultimately (Drichoustis 2006). It seems like Nutritional information on the back of the package creates favorable judgments about a product. For example, when a consumer reads the nutrients content on the back of the packaged food product which are beneficial for their health they will compare that particular product with other products and will be more likely to purchase that product. Other researchers have argued that provision of health related or printed nutritional labeling information does not always lead to healthier consumption of diet. Most empirical research, however, suggests that providing printed nutritional labeling information can significantly change dietary patterns in a consumers lifestyle of eating (Drichoustis 2006). Printing of Nutritional labels is also associated with giving consumers an edge to improve their diets by intake of high vitamin C, low cholesterol, and low percentage of calories from fat as they are now able to know what exactly they are consuming. Printed nutrition labeling on packaged foods are very clear sources of nutrition information for the consumers. They are observed as a highly trustworthy source of information and many consumers use it as their guidance in order to make purchase decisions easy. (Campos et al., 2011). It is often seen that there are consumers who considers printed nutritional labeling on the products during their shopping experiences and are happy to pay even a premium on the products having printed nutritional labeling on them. (Loureiro et al., 2006). Printed nutrition labeling information lowers down the usage of products which contain harmful ingredients and increases the consumption of products containing healthy ingredients. (Drichoutis et al., 2006). Purpose of printed nutritional labeling is to educate consumers to shift to healthier food choices, and force the competitors to add more printed nutritional value in their product and to competition on nutritional quality; printed nutritional labeling represents a helpful tool making consumers make informed decisions about their diet and lifestyle. (Daud et al., 2011). Nutritional labeling enables the consumers to have a view at the components of the products which enables them to have a healthier diet choice in which they can improve their intake of the require nutritious and proteins (Drichoutis et al., 2008). Nutrition labels on pre-packaged foods are very clear sources of nutrition information. They are perceived as a highly trustworthy source of information and many consumers use their guidance in order to make purchase decisions (Campos et al., 2011). The results show that there are consumers who considers nutritional labeling on the products during their shopping experiences and are happy to pay even a premium on the products having nutritional labeling on them (Loureiro et al., 2006). Nutrition labeling information decreases the use of products containing harmful components and improves the consumption of the products containing healthy components (Drichoutis et al., 2006). Customers do consider nutritional labeling when making a purchasing decision. Especially the old age people or individuals who are sick or with a special diet recommended having at least tertiary education read nutritional labeling. Moreover households with less than four members were willing to pay more for the nutritional labels (Prathiraja et al., 2003). As a whole nutritional labeling has a huge impact on consumer purchase behavior. There is some evidence that nutrition labeling makes consumers to switch products on the name of healthy and unhealthy diet plans. The preference for nutrient intake usually depends on the demand and supply of the product. From the demand perspective, consumers interest in purchase of healthy diets directly depends on consumers intakes. Consumers ability to make a decision regarding healthy diets usually depends on the information available through different sources (PrathirajaAriyawardana, 2008). If the products does not contain label the consumer may be unaware of its nutritional contents. Consumers usually form their own belief regarding the nutritional value of the product on the basis of information that they get from different sources, However this perception usually lead to either over or under value of the nutritional labeling of the product. Choosing food usually contains a trade of between taste and health contents of a particular product have negative impact on health because individuals usually perceived that decreasing the consumption of the food can lead to improve health conditions (PrathirajaAriyawardana, 2008). The results give a clear signal that printed labels is not linked with gender and age though its consumption relates with the income levels, education and occupation of the consumers. Most lifestyle products such as breakfast cereals, readymade dressings etc. that would mostly be used by people who have relatively higher levels of income and education would pay more attention to various kinds of label information (Sushil Kumar Jabir Ali, 2011). In the context of emerging economies, very little is known regarding consumers expectations and their response to printed food label information (Wang et al., 2008). Pakistans emerging economy is witnessing exceptional boom in the organized retail growth. Its consumers are in the process of changing their consumption/buying behavior especially with respect to food items. Consumption of processed and packaged food items has grown tremendously in the recent past. There is an increase in the demand for healthy food products and with this kind of change in lifestyle and consumption pattern, the quality of food and its safety standards are becoming essential from public policy perspective. ROLE OF FDA (FOOD AND DRUG ASSOCIATION) IN NUTRIONAL LABELLING: Labeling is a part of packaging. Label can be defined as an attachment to the product but according to the Food and Drug Association (FDA), a label is the chief point of contact between the manufacturer and the purchaser. It is described as a crucial part of the manufacturers marketing plan. FDA further explains that the label should carry the name, brand name and the net weight of the product with nutrition facts along with some details of the manufacturer. These food labels increases in complexity as the food products moves from basic commodities to highly process. It therefore keeps a check of the quantity of sugar, fiber, protein that is consumed and allows the purchasers to make an informed decision of the product. (FDA,1998). food_label.jpg With the guidance of dietary health experts, consumers can utilize the nutritional labeling to make better choices and to maintain a well-balanced diet. According to FDA (1998), consumers can enjoy a variety of foods; have a hale and hearty diet with low cholesterol/fats. Take a diet with different fruits or grains and can moderate the usage of salt and/or sodium if nutrition information is practiced. Hence, it carries a relationship between the nutrients and the threat of a disease. If the packaged food products are not labeled, customers may not be aware of their nutrient content. If the consumers form their own belief about nutrient content based on advertising or their own knowledge about food, it can result in underestimation or overestimation of the food content in untagged food products (Anderson and Zarkin, 1992). Especially for prepared food products, nutritional labeling is required more often (Godwin, Henderson, Thompson, 2006). Recently Food and Drug Association (FDA) conducted a research for anticipated changes in the plan and for the usage of the current labels. Therefore, with the sample size of 160 consumers to know if they use the labeling and if so, which part of it is more useful? Almost 21% consumers said that they always examine the tagging while the majority of them told that they often use the label before purchasing the item for consumption. Component of the label most frequently read is of fats, calorie, sugar and fiber contents. The list of ingredients with the health statements were read less. Respondents using high calorie food items like chips, sodas, bakery products etc. said that that do not make use of calorie part while two thirds of them said that they use the labeling rather than relying on their food knowledge and they do understand the importance of labeling. So it can be understood that majority of the respondents use and understand the significant of nutritional labeling and perceived themselves as knowledgeable consumers but a large survey has to be conducted to find the complete awareness and the consumers indulgent. (Godwin, Henderson, Thompson, 2006). A consideration to the food tagging can influence a change in purchasing pattern that can result in improving health. (McLean 2001). FDA with its efforts of providing food information on packaged food items educates the consumers and helps them in the purchasing decision (Satia, GalankoNeuhouser, 2001). CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT PACKAGED FOOD PRODUCT: A study was conducted in Islamabad to identify the response of consumer buying behavior in terms of packaging and nutritional labeling. The result showed that Pakistani marketing is getting aware of the nutritional facts of a packaged product. Further, it illustrates that Consumers read the content when they buy packaged food of a particular brand. If repetition is carried out then only manufacture date and expiry date is taken into consideration. The study also found out that a lot of people only check the dates to determine the nutrients. Also, people are still unaware that how much each nutrient is desired by their body and the concept of daily consumption/per meal consumption in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle (Zaidi, 2012). Another study was conducted in our neighboring country, India on Assessing Awareness and Usage Level of Indian Consumer and Influences on Food Buying Behavior. The research show that consumer seek extended information on labels. The result showed satisfactory level of awareness about information available on labels displayed on packaged food and people just skim through the nutrient facts before purchasing the product. In the market consumers also give high value to ingredients and nutrients. Whereas the brand and taste of product is the factor that is consider more as compare to the nutritional value. if these two are liked and the nutrients present are harmful for their health even then product will be purchased (kumar, 2008). Another study conducted in Europe on consumer response to nutrition information on food labels shows that people are aware of the importance of nutrition information on packaged foods. Consumers are aware that in order to maintain a healthy life nutritional food must be taken, therefore they try to make use of the information present on the label as much as they can. However the preference among the consumer differs while purchasing the packaged food such as likeable taste and etc. Secondly consumers prefer to have a simple and easy to understand nutrition information printed on the package. Complicated information and usage of too many jargons leads to confusion and consume their time. They like if noticeable printing to highlight the information as it will catch the eye at once and will also grab the attention of the consumers who are not in the habit of reading the label. Another point that was identified in the study was related to the format of the label and the technical terms including numbers, calculations and even percentages make it difficult for the consumer to decide among the products (Grunert, 2006). Therefore it is extremely beneficial if we find out the likeable ways that grabs the attention of the consumer. The ways would differ depending upon the nature of the product. The psychology of a consumer would be kept in mind while providing the information so that it becomes noticeable and every time when she/he purchases the product reads the label. (Kremers et al. 2006). A research carried out on whether consumers look at nutrition labeling showed it depends on the demographics factors that which nutrients ( sugar, fat, calories) are preferred by the consumers and how much are they interested in reading the nutritional label (Drichoutis et al. 2006). A research paper highlighted that nutrition label on the packaged food can guide consumers to maintain and improve their diet plan and make choices among the food. The effect of nutritional information has a positive impact in switching from one product to another due to beneficial nutrients present in the food. On the other hand nutritional label also have a negative impact on the manufacturer as consumers would avoid the food products that have high content of sugar and fats present it (Nayga, 2006). Consumer search for product information is an active process that involves reading nutritional labeling and then comparing them with other products information and after evaluation of each products information a consumer makes a right decision for purchase. The main cost for a consumer in searching information through label use is the time he/she spends on reading labels; the benefits of this will be healthier food choices. Consumers that are health conscious or have poor health condition through this will be able to search for a more nutritious diet and a healthy life, thus reducing all the risk of an unhealthy diet. Consumers may be aware about the importance of nutritional labeling but time can be an obstacle for the people who have to accomplish plenty of tasks. The purchase decision of employed consumers regarding the quality of product can be low, the reason being less time to spare on labeling than the unemployed consumers who have the time to make an appropriate decision regarding the quality of food products they will purchase (Kim, Nayga Capps, 2001). People make use of the label for various purposes but consumers should be encouraged to use the label more often and create awareness on how to apply this information more efficiently and conveniently (Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition 2004). Therefore, policy makers should identify different ways on how to motivate people to change the behavior of reading nutritional labeling before purchase of the packaged product. According to the Lancaster Product Characteristics theory in 1966, the consumers are a