Environmental Degradation Due To Tourism: A literature review

Environmental Degradation Due To Tourism: A literature review Antarctica is certainly most exclusive place on earth. People have travelled and visited almost all the parts of Antarctica for more than hundreds of years. The issue here is whether the frequent visits of tourists have put into question the sustainability of tourism in this area. Antarctica is being used by various scientists to carry out research and experiments to determine climate, weather, and oceanic features in the rest of the world. Even though the expenses to visit this place is very high, people dont mind this factor as it is a lifetime experience for them. The author argues that the increase in tourism in Antarctica has led to the increase in the risk to the marine environment, terrestrial ecosystems and also has affected the national research programs. The species like penguins have started migrating to other locations from their usual spots because of the human species. The main access for the tourists to this place is with ships, which are not properly equipped and some of which have led to accidents resulting in oil spills. The oil spillage has put many species in the threat of being extinct. The problem is that how to make this tourism sustainable with reference to the ecological importance of the area. For this, the author puts forward few solutions, such as there should not be any resorts or hotels constructing on the shores of this area, as it affects the species around. These hotels and resorts dump a lot of wastes into the sea which spoils the water too. The government of Newzealand has made it compulsory for a government official to accompany the tourists ships to check whether they follow proper rules and regulations. As we know, it is difficult to keep an eye on the activities of tourists in these areas, but it is expected that a few more steps like above would make tourism sustainable in Antarctica. Article 2: Engagement with the private sector for sustainable tourism in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (Source: Report for Global Ministerial Environment Forum Dubai, 7 -9 February 2006) The Great Barrier Reefs the worlds largest coral reef system, composed of roughly 3,000 individual reefs and 900 islands that stretch for 2,600 kilometres (1,616mi) and cover an area of approximately 344,400 km ². The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland in northeast Australia. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. (www.cia.gov.com) Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) looks after the planning and management of the reef. The GBRMPA plays a critical role in strategically engaging the private sector in supporting research that protects and preserves the Reef. The private sector in Australia has an important part to play, adding its resources and voice to the quest to protect and preserve the Great Barrier Reef. The author explains the purpose of this move was to establish a general framework for both the conservation and the ecologically sustain-able development of the Reef. To do this the Authority brought a wide range of stakeholders into the planning process: tourism, fishing, conservation groups, Aboriginal interests, state and local governments, etc. All participated in discussions of the Reefs future and how to ensure it via responsible management of the Reef. Through its growing project portfolio, the GBRMPA provides a way in for business and philanthropy to invest in the Reefs future. Working in partnership with business, government and philanthropy, a strategic, collaborative and coordinated approach to Reef research and increases the pool of funding available to investigate and address the threats to the Great Barrier Reef. The author explains how private sector jumping in the main interest of the firms to earn from the park and the governments purpose of maintaining the park are both meet. The major hurdle is that there needs to be co-ordination between government, the private sector, local community and other stake holders to find a mutually beneficial outcome. Then the government needs to inform the major effects on the climate of the region. The government is participating in the training of the private sector employees so as to address the basic needs of the Reef including the safety of the marine life. Author argues that government will have to plan a flexible planning and managing approach so that the private sector can undergo innovations and site-specific outcomes. The trade off that the reef will have from this move will be beneficial for the eco system and the tourists visiting the place as well. The government provides incentives for the private sector to their contribution to the reef. The funds available for the government to maintain the place and also to nurture effective tourism are limited and therefore that is also one of the reasons why the government has moved into privatization. The government and the private sector are both striving forward to maintain the heritage of the site as they know the importance of the Reef very well. Article 3: Tourism in developing countries, Journal of Vacation Marketing (Source: Oppermann, M and Chon, KS (1999). Tourism in developing countries, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5, 3, pp. 301-302) Tourism is probably the only services sector that provides concrete trading opportunities for all nations, regardless of their level of development. In many developing countries, tourism makes a greater contribution to foreign earnings than such other major exports as textile and clothing or agriculture, without encountering the same magnitude of trade barriers.(www.unctadxi.org) Certain countries also view small-scale niche tourism as having greater potential for increasing local multipliers by enhancing links with agriculture and other sectors. Moreover, small-scale niche tourism tends to reduce spatial inequalities through wider dispersal of enterprises. This should, in theory, stimulate tourist mobility and a more even distribution of tourism expenditure (Brohman, 1996). Finally, due to its smaller scale, niche tourism is portrayed as a more environmentally and culturally sensitive strategy for rural development. Rapid tourism development and non-local investment tend to marginalise some segments of local communities by exacerbating the inequalities between the poor and those who have more capital. When the poor benefit from tourism, it is usually as street vendors or casual labourers (e.g., porters or low level assistants in hotels, lodges, and tour organisations). Challenges for developing countries:- Lack of education Lack of marketable assets Lack of accommodation/facilities Lack of financial capital Even though terrorist attacks and global warming are putting some people off from traveling, the global picture is clear; people are traveling more and more every year. Tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. Governments of the developing countries involved in the tourism industry have realized the importance of the industry for social and economic development and for job creation. This approach has led to bigger investments in tourism infrastructure in developing countries and so does the sustainability of tourism industry. It is supposed that Asian countries will be the fastest growing tourism players. The emerging middle class and the higher disposable income are the key factors for the sustainability of Tourism Industry in developing countries. Tourism in developing countries not only provides material benefits for the poor, but can also bring cultural pride, a sense of ownership and control, reduced vulnerability through diversification and the de velopment of skills and entrepreneurial capacity. The developing countries will thus be increasingly important and they will not only be a luring destination for foreigners but they will also become an important source market. Article 4: Environment justice and sustainable Tourism: THE MISSING CULTURE LINK (Source: Blanca Camargo, Katy Lane, and Tazim Jamal (2007), The George Wright Forum, Volume 24 Number 3) San Francisco Peaks in Arizona provides a birth place to many creation stories. Due to global warming resort management developed a plan to convert the sewage water into snow. This is one of the examples where cultural justice is embedded into sustainable development. The mountains were now used as a financial gain rather than living place. Seeing this Ninth Circuit court gave the decision of save the peaks coalition. The basic aim of sustainability tourism is conservation of environment and socio-economic well being. Thus the study of cultural impacts is important so as to focus on various issues such as interpretation, cultural survival, heritage issue etc. The other important aspects and contribution towards sustainability is the tangible (worship of fire, practices at burial sites etc) and intangible (mystical, identity, collective temporary etc) environment. It is a relationship between human and their biophysical world which help to give importance to cultural justice. Cultural sustainability can be said for the groups of people try to retain or adapt elements of culture which are distinguishing them from other people. Attention has been directed towards the sustainability of destinations and their sources. It grows to continue at the international levels which give rise to economic of the country. The World commission on Environment and Development (WCED) distinguished between the public and private spaces in order for sustainable development. It not only meets the demands of present tourist but also enhances the protection of natural resources. It also fulfils the economic, social, and aesthetic need which helps the supports system. Equity is another basic important aspect of sustainability. It starts with addressing people the issues of cultural justice and equity in natural areas destinations giving impact, across different social groups within a destination area. Still, injustices are commonly seen as it affects community labour and natural habitats, which is the major element of society. It is a balance between environment and economic development. The environmental justice movement is mainly concern about environmental risks the low income of people which is the major issue of the society. It helps tourist to identify its destinations and monitoring potential environmental issues. It can act as a good reminder to people to maintain their environment and creating awareness between people for social gatherings for maintenance of ecosystem. For example, the places which are open for tourist should be used for learning the purpose and to enjoy natural areas. While those residential places should be restricted for tourists for performing their cultural activities taking place. In other words, the major aspect of cultural sustainability is to have proper management and planning facilities which will in decision making if various cultural goods. The cultural justice as described earlier may assist in creating various policies and laws by the government and development programs which will help to create awareness between people. It contributes further to an already complex domain. One of the major concerns that researchers have is that many times cultural sustainability is not been taken into account of Cultural and Social Issues as separate phenomena but rather they are treated as either of the two. Then cultural sustainability also takes a lot of time to frame itself and also that the indicators are intangible. Therefore the measurement of cultural factors proves to be a major hurdle in cultural sustainability. Thus it is important for the people to understand that Land does not just represent a physical space, but it also represents various physical, symbolic, spiritual, and social identities of human cultures. Article 5: Sustainable Tourism in Goa (A pictorial view of tourism) (Source: Dr Nirmala De Abreu Conference on Tourism in India Challenges Ahead, 15-17 May 2008, IIMK) Goa is one of the most visited places in India with a large number of international and domestic tourists each year. Goa is renowned for its beaches, places of worship and world heritage architecture. It also has rich flora and fauna, owing to its location on the Western Ghats range, which is classified as a biodiversity hotspot. The state is although one of the smallest state in India but still holds one of the highest FDI received state in the country. The government of Goa has therefore declared Goa as a tourist hub. The place is also filled with rich heritage Portuguese culture which also includes old buildings, churches and even alcohol which is available very cheaply. The beautiful beaches of Goa are the main tourist attraction of the region and therefore there has been an increased concern over the sustainability of tourism in Goa due to its small size and over crowdedness. Tourism is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa, with decreased tourist activity inland. Goa has two main tourist seasons i.e. winter and summer. In the winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the splendid climate. In the summers (which, in Goa, is the rainy season), tourists from across India come to spend the holidays. Thus at any given time tourists are flooding Goa at all time of the year and is therefore appropriately associated as a Goa- a 356 day holiday. The main types of tourism are Beach tourism, Adventure tourism, Yoga tourism etc. Goa faces the issue of sustainability of tourism on the basis of ecological and cultural sensitivity. One of the issue raised by the author is that the survival of Olive Ridley turtles which are famous in Goa. As tourism increases the turtles are finding it hard to search for places to hatch eggs as resorts or people have taken their nesting places. Due to a wide number of foreign tourists in the area it has become hard to maintain an balance between the local people and the international tourists. The local community is the major Stake holder in the sustainability of tourism in Goa as they have to play an important role for a successful and smooth running of tourism industry. Many cultural biases in the people have created conflict between the locals and the foreigners. Issues like the locals stare are foreigners on beaches or even charge them very high for any local product which they want to buy. Tourists also face a lot of harassment from local vendors as they force tourists to b uy their products. Environmental issues faced by the people are depletion of water due to tourism and also pressure on land as there is limited availability of land in the region and the increasing tourist demand has forced resorts to locate themselves on prime tourist location. There is also an increased number of pollutants that are emitted in the atmosphere due to heavy traffic, plus there is increased concerns over noise pollution as well. A few recommendations have been suggested so as to provide a sustainable tourist environment in Goa. These include diversifying areas for tourists by not just concentrating on the beaches but also on other heritage landmarks and tourists spots across the state. To deal with the issue of local people guides and locals should be trained to hospitality management and also respect other cultures and accept them with an open mind. Also to curtail the issue of raising prices the government should set standard prices for products so as to reduce conflicts. Protection of foreign women has been a raging issue in Goa as there have been frequent issues of rape and molestation on women, this is also largely due to the availability of drugs in the market. Thus government should take essential steps to curtail drug circulation and also fix some comeback hours for hotel guests. Thus if appropriate steps are not taken to sustain the ever growing tourist industry in the tiny state it wont be that far when the same industry that has been a boon for the state turns out to be a night mare. Article 6: Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism Sustainability (Source: Gà ¶ssling, S., Borgstrà ¶m Hansson, C., Hà ¶rstmeierc, O, and Saggeld., S (2002). Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism sustainability, Ecological Economics, 43, 2-3, pp. 199-211) Sustainable tourism is the major issue for the countries who believe in environmental integrated tourism. The article depicts how Seychelles an environmentally rich island has been affected by the increased number of tourism on the basis of ecological footprint. Ecological footprint is a measure of the load imposed by a given population on nature. It represents the area of the Earths surface necessary to sustain levels of resource consumption and waste discharge by that population. Tourism for Seychelles is the second largest source of gaining foreign exchange. To study how sustainable is tourism in Seychelles ecological footprint was calculated on the basis of a few indicators i.e. arable land, pasture, forest, sea space, built-up land and fossil energy land. Arable land, pastures and forests are measured from the statistics which are obtained from the country whereas the other three indicators are stringent to determine as there are many external factors taken into consideration to determine the other three indicators. Fossil fuel consumption for example is not just determined by the islands alone consumption but also by the fact that the consumption of fuels by the incoming and outgoing flights from the region and that too for the sole purpose of tourism. The results of the ecological footprint are quite alarming when the country believes to achieve Environmental Impact Assessment as a key to increasing tourism. On the other hand Seychelles has protected a proportion of its island as restricted area and has thus has shown that tourism development and ecosystem conservation are in balance. Seychelles has a large amount of foreign exchange generated due to tourism and which is utilized for the imports of various commodities which include oil, food supplies, wood etc. Now, considering the amount of land which is unexplored or unutilized it is been argued that this land could be used in order to obtain the above needed resources. Thus the country faces a trade-off between imports and land conservation. The amount of CO2 and other harmful emissions from aircraft has also gained wide speculation on the belief that Seychelles is sustainable to tourism. Energy saving devices and use of renewable energy has just marginally served the purpose b ut the main purpose of sustaining tourism is limit the transport distances of aircraft, as a short distance in the locality might prove ecologically beneficial. The energy distribution or consumption in the island is also not viable as just a single resort in the vicinity of the island consumes much greater energy than the neighboring town. Ecological footprint analysis (EFA) although is a good way to asses tourism sustainability but it is quite difficult to obtain the EFA indicators as many times sufficient data is not available. For example the amount of CO2 or other emissions from the aircraft cannot be measured and as per how much harm it does to the island cannot be measured. Environmental degradation similar to El Nino can be claimed to be due to some natural calamity but similar coral degradation surrounding the island cannot be overlooked. Unsustainable management of the biosphere, for example clear-cutting a rainforest for agriculture would seem to increase the ecological efficiency because the yield factor of cropland is higher than that of forestry. So thus if a few limitations are overlooked then EFA indicators are the best way for Seychelles to achieve sustainability in tourism. Article 7: SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS FOR MANAGING TOURISM (Source: HwanSuk, Choia, and Sirakayab, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism, Tourism Management, 27, 6, December, pp. 1274-1289) In this globalised world of capitalism, transportation has played a major role which helps to develop tourism into the worlds largest industries. This tourism has brought a tremendous contribution to the economics of the world. Although it has brought prosperity to the society still it has negative social and cultural impacts and environmental degradation in society. It has damaged all the natural resources and socio-cultural environment of many tourist places. Taking all aspects into considerations World Commission on environment and development (WCED) formed various organisations that will take care of the ecosystem. Basically, it needs tourism planning, management, and development option. This will result in sustainable development to the tradition of neo- classical model. Many individual countries have defined their own national policies and strategys for the development of sustainability. The basic aim of the committee should fulfil the local economic benefits and protect the natural resources. Sustainable tourism has also given rise to the third dimension aspect of literature which includes social, cultural, and ecological dimensions. They also thought of political, and technological. This gave an impact on tourism which led it to the progress for forming a frame work. William Ogburn was the first one to use the term social indicators, which forms a component in sustainable development. The objective indicators act as a central part of monitoring everything. They form the major tool for income, employment, and attract visitors. The efforts were not only seen in micro level but went up to macro level taking all aspects into consideration. It included various methodologies like the survey instrument, data collection/ findings, discussion and conclusion. These four components are the key conditions for sustainable tourism development. These indicators help the local to understand the condition of resources to have a helping hand for the development of the ecosystem. These should be planned and govern by the stakeholders. For maximising the sustainable tourism development residents should have various communication channels which are interlinked with each other to have a better co- ordination between various stakeholders. For example, the sustainability goal of a small region with a large population would differ from that of large communities with a small population. Thus the indicators should satisfy and precept the role of sustainable tourism development, in order to extend the current situation. Though they have different approaches still they have one role in common that is achieving sustainability. In short, the approach towards sustainable tourism development should always be ecological and should be responsible for all social, political, economical, technological aspects. Article 8: TOURISM AS A KEY TO SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT: THE NEPALESE HIMALAYAS IN RETROSPECT (Source: S.K. Nepal (2002), Unasylva 208, Vol. 53) Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world. Mountainous tourism plays an important aspect in economic development and environmental conservation. Hector Ceballos-Lascurian has termed this word ecotourism. It can also be defined as Travelling which does not disturb the surrounding and maintains the existing culture (Ceballos-Lascurain,1987). It can also be defined as the last hope preservation and protection of various species and ecosystem (Smeral, 1996). And tourism particularly in Nepal where mountains contribute about 80% of the land mass and 20-30% of total volume of tourism which forms homes of various biological and cultural diversity acts as an incoming source to many people which form the major aspects of the Nepalese Himalayas. Most of the peaks in the Himalayas are promoted as an adventure spot rather than studying point. However such tourism gave rise to both negative and positive points. Several exposures to tourism brought disruption of local culture, traditions etc. Thus it is necessary for the mountain tourism to be based on sustainability which includes many aspects such as sound environmental practices, equality and long term benefits. Basically, sustainability encompasses ecological, economical and social components, giving rise to major three components of mountain tourism in the Nepalese Himalayas those are as follows: Conservation of natural resources Improvement of quality of life of local population Enhancement of visitors satisfaction. Nepal mainly compromises of three major regions the Annapurna, Everest and the Lang tang regions, where Annapurna -conservation area and Everest and Lang tang- national parks. Basically, all these areas were more exploded by foreign mountaineering which has made them more popular and famous. Thomas Cook offered the first tour of Nepal for the Western visitors, which led to prosperity and popularity to intermediate level. This popularity brought both positive and negative points within itself, by changing Nepal from an exotic destination to that of a cheap rugged and dirty destination. Due to lack of regulation and improper management the beauty of Himalayas was leading nothing but landscape degradation. Many things like garbage, pollution, extraction of natural resources came with it in such a way that it lead to destructions of things. Trekking traffic puts great pressure on mountain traits which were more seen in higher altitudes and where the vegetation was poor. Accumulation of g arbage by the trekkers formed the major issue of mountains. Thus the sustainability of tourism industry in Nepal came under sever scrutiny. In 1991 Sagarmath pollution control committee (SPCC) was established to solve these problems. It has collected up to 250 tones of garbage per year. Despite all these problems the Nepalese Himalayas has been a boon to the local economy. It has under wined the difference between the poorer and the rich. New habitats were developed by people giving a new way towards society. It increased the awareness of the effects of tourism and therefore started planning various conservation programs. People are trying to manage their resources sustainably by the means of energy conservation. The government undertook programs where locals and visiting tourists took an active initiation. Without these programs initiated by the government the sustainability of tourism was under threat. Such reforms by the government are not only seen in Nepalese Himalayas but throughout the world. Thus mountain tourism in the Nepalese Himalayas represents the dilemma of conservation and development being debated the context of suitability development. Thus if the mystical, spiritual and wilderness image of the Nepalese Himalayas is to be restored and capitalised on, then there must be concrete efforts towards tourism development that is sustainable in ecological, economic and social terms. Article 9: Sustainable tourism in Maldives (source: Journal by Ron Gluckman in Maldives) The Maldives have got a nickname known as Paradise. This place is being well equipped by natural beauties which make the place equal to the word paradise. But even Maldives is facing issues related to sustainable tourism. The Maldives 70 percent of the GDP comes from their tourism in their country which makes the government regulate many policies to make the tourism in a sustainable way. Now it been seen that the government is not successes by 100 percent. The problems which the Maldives face due to the tourism are global warming and the wastes disposed of by the resorts. A one-meter rise in the sea level can swamp 80 percent of the Maldives. The no of tourists to this spot is being increasing year by year, but the resorts available to accommodate them are very less when compared. And the existing resorts are creating problems with their waste disposal. Summary of Key Findings: Sustainable tourism is an industry committed to making a low impact on the environment and local culture while helping to generate income and employment for local people (Coccossis, 1996). The aim of sustainable tourism is to ensure that development is a positive experience for local people; tourism companies; and tourists themselves. Sustainable tourism can be taken in four different interpretations that include economic sustainability of tourism, the ecologically sustainable tourism, sustainable tourism development with both focus of environment as well as long-term feasibility of the industry and finally tourism as a part of a strategy for sustainable development (Farsari, 2000). In all the articles that have been critically analysed above all the issues regarding the sustainability of tourism is mentioned. Government as a Stakeholder:- Tourism is one of the many external forces influencing the direction and options for national development. The question of whether tourism can be sustainable that is, whether it can contribute to local sustainable development is rightfully addressed in the context of the involvement of Government bodies. A truly practical discussion on sustainable tourism must take place within the government authorities and the communities that are being influenced by tourist industry development. It must create accountability of the tourism industry to locally-defined development visions. Like for example the government of Goa has now put in strict regulation on building of Resorts on beaches as it results in the degradation of precious species. Training local people or industries is also one of the important duties governments should play in order to achieve sustainable development of tourism and therefore in the barrier reef the Private sector industries will initially be directed by the governme nt as per the working of the Great Barrier Reef and only then will it be handed out to them. The articles reviewed shows that profits may be increased simply by adopting some general environmental principles, such as recycling waste, planning for long-term sustainability, and seeking local partnerships for the preservation of a reef. If these actions result in cleaner, less crowded, holiday resorts, then they are in effect sustainable tourism without being labelled so. Strict norms and rules should be setup by the government so as to see through efficiency in the tourism industry. Short-term government focus is no good for the countries as that would lead to short term gains and long term losses. In Nepal, the government is not imposing strict regulations on the garbage dumping carried out by the tourists at high altitudes. Environmental Degradation due to Tourism:- Like other economic activities, tourism consumes resources. Today, tourism is one of the major economic activities in the world. The environmental effects, widely defined, include cultural and social elements and are probably the biggest problem of tourism. Areas, where overcrowding and overdevelopment occur, are often relatively small and possess fragile environments. At peak season visitors can outnumber the resident population. Environmental impact of tourism is most visible in tourist destinations, but effects are also visible at points of origin and transit (McKercher B, 1993). For example, the output of aircraft, ferries, buses, cars equipment and promotional material consumes productive and energy resources and generates waste in origin areas while travelling long distances creates pollution in the atmosphere and adversely effects th

Solvent Effect on the Interaction of C20 and N2H2

Solvent Effect on the Interaction of C20 and N2H2 Solvent effect on the interaction of C20 and N2H2: A theoretical study Reza Ghiasi*,1, Hanieh Alavi2 Abstract: In this work, the interaction of C20 and N2H2 fragment was investigated in the M062X/6-311G(d,p) level of theory in both gas and solution phases. The influence of solvent on the interaction energy, structural parameters, frontier orbital energies and hyperpolarizability of C20†¦N2H2 complex has been explored. The interaction energies obtained with standard method were corrected by basis set superposition error (BSSE) during the geometry optimization for all complexes at the same levels of theory. The thermodynamic properties of the C20†¦N2H2 molecule at vacuum phase and different solvents have been calculated. Keywords: C20 cage, C20†¦N2H2 molecules, Frontier orbitals, solvent effect, hyperpolarizability. Introduction C20 molecule is potentially the smallest fullerene, and its structure has been investigated theoretically and experimentally [1-6]. This molecules has been generated and characterized in the gas phase [7]. Owing to its attractive structure, this ambiguous molecule has been the subject of many theoretical investigations [8, 9]. Fullerenes are considered as promising candidates for basic elements in nanoscale devices, and several examples of fullerene-based devices have been already investigated both experimentally and theoretically [10, 11]. Modification of C20 is a matter of general interest for experimentalists as well theoreticians to look into the structural as well as electronic properties. As a recent research, for instant, structure and properties of fullerene C20 and its derivatives C20(C2H2)n and C20(C2H4)n (n=1–4) have been studied [12]. These calculations showed that the most stable fullerene C20 and its derivatives C20(C2H2)n and C20(C2H4)n (n=1–3) reveal sig nificant aromaticity, while C20(C2H2)4 and C20(C2H4)4 have no spherical aromaticity. Also, heteroatom impacts on structure, stability and aromaticity of XnC20-n fullerenes have been explored [13]. The interaction of C20 with N2X2 (X=H, F, Cl, Br, Me) have been investigated theoretically [14]. Structure, aromaticity, frontier orbital analysis and the natural bond analysis of C20†¦N2X2 complexes have been explored, and the influence of the basis set and methods on the structure and interaction energies of these complexes have been explored. In the present work, extensive theoretical calculations on fullerene C20 and their interactions with N2H2 have been performed in both gas and solution phases. The Structure, frontier orbital analysis and hyperpolarizability of the C20†¦N2H2 have been explored. We also discuss the influence of the solvent on the structure properties of C20†¦N2H2 molecule. Computational Methods All calculations were carried out with the Gaussian 09 suite of program [15]. The calculations of systems contain C, and N described by the standard 6-311G(d,p) basis set [16-19]. Geometry optimization was performed utilizing with the hybrid functional of Truhlar and Zhao (M062X) [20]. A vibrational analysis was performed at each stationary point found, that confirm its identity as an energy minimum. The interaction energy, IE, can be evaluated from the difference between energy of the complex and sum of the energies of the C20 and N2H2: I.E = E(complex) – [E (C20)+ E(N2H2)] The calculated interaction energies were corrected for basis set superposition errors (BSSE), which were computed for all calculations using the counterpoise correction method of Boys and Bernardi [21]. Geometries were optimized at this level of theory without any symmetry constraints followed by the calculations of the first order hyperpolarizabilities. The total static first hyperpolarizability à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ was obtained from the following relation: upon calculating the individual static components Due to the Kleinman symmetry [22]: à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢xyy = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ yxy = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ yyx ; à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢yyz = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ yzy = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ zyy,†¦ one finally obtains the equation that has been employed: We have studied the solvation effects by using self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) approach, in particular using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) [23]. Using this method, the geometry of the studied complex was re-optimized and the hyperpolarizability was calculated by the same functionals and basis sets. Results and discussion Energetic The computed interaction energies (I.E) and the corrected interaction energies (I.E corrected) for the C20†¦N2H2 complex (Figure 1) in gas phase and various solvents have been gathered in Table 1. It can be expected interaction between C20 and N2H2 increases in the presence of more polar solvents. Figure 2 presents a good correlation between interaction energies values and dielectric constants of solvents. On the other hand, the comparison of interaction energy value in gas phase and solution phase show more interaction between C20 and N2H2 in solution phase. Thermochemical Analysis Thermochemical analysis is studied for all complexes. The values of à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾H, à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾G and K are reported in Table 2 in which the individual terms are referred to a temperature of 298 K. The reaction can be considered as: C20 + N2H2à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ® C20†¦N2H2 As can be verified, the à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾G values increase in solution phase. The equilibrium constants of the all complexes are given in Table 2. This shows that the equilibrium constant is most vacuum phase. Dipole moments The dipole moments of C20†¦N2H2 complex in gas phase and different solvents have been listed in Table 3. As seen in Table 3, C20†¦N2H2 complex has less dipole moment in gas phase. In the solution phase, dipole moments increase with increasing of polarity of the solvents. Also, these values show a good relationship with interaction energies values (Figure 3). Polarizability The isotropic and anisotropic polarizability values of C20†¦N2H2 complex in gas phase and different solvents have been gathered in Table 3. As seen in Table 3, C20†¦N2H2 complex has less polarizability in gas phase. There is good correlation between isotropic polarzability values and dielectric constants of solvent (R2=0.948). Bond distances The NN and C..N bond distances of C20†¦N2H2 complex in gas phase and different solvents have been collected in Table 1. As seen from Table 1, the bond lengths increase in solution phase. There is minor dependence between bond distances and dielectric constants values. The comparison NN bond distances of free N2H2 and complexed molecule show the rising of this bond in C20†¦N2H2 complex. Molecular orbital analysis The energies of the frontier orbitals (HOMO, LUMO) along with the corresponding HOMO–LUMO energy gaps for of C20†¦N2H2 complex in gas phase and different solvents are given in Table 4. Inclusion of solvation effects leads also to changes on the molecular orbital energies (Table 4). In solution, HOMO and LUMO are destabilized, with respect to the corresponding values in vacuum. Also, HOMO-LUMO gap and hardness of C20†¦N2H2 complex in solution phase is more than gas phase. A good relationship between HOMO-LUMO gap and polarity of solvents (R2=0.954). The variations in this property may be illustrated by considering the fact that neutral or charged species enhance their effective radii in solution phase. This signifies that the electrostatic potential q/r will forever diminish from gas phase to solution phase. As a result, solvated species will reduce their effective hardness and subsequently become softer in the solution phase [24]. On the other hand, when the interaction between C20 and N2H2 increases, then the most hardness values have observed. There is a good linear correlation between interaction energies and hardness values (R2=0.949). Electrophilic charge transfer (ECT) of C20†¦N2H2 complex in gas and various solvents has been reported in Table 4. ECT is defined as the difference between à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Nmax values of interacting molecules: ECT = à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Nmax(N2H2) à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Nmax(C20) In this equation à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Nmax is defined as: The positive values of ECT reveal charge flow from C20 to N2H2. On the other hand, these values show the decreasing of charge transfer with increasing of solvent polarity. Hyperpolarizability It is illustrated that solvent polarity participate an important role on the first hyperpolarizabilities in dipolar molecules. The à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢tot , à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢x, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢y, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢z values of C20†¦N2H2 complex in different solvents have been listed in Table 5. These values indicate à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢tot values decrease from vacuum to solution phase (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢total=0.0 for C20). The dependence of the first hyperpolarizability of the studied compound both on the dielectric constant of the media and the Onsager function has been investigated [25]. Figure 4 is typical for a dipolar reaction field interaction in the salvation process [25-28]. Therefore, the electronic reorganization in solution for C20†¦N2H2 complex acts an important effect on the resulting first hyperpolarizabilities. 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Landenberger, F. Wahl, J. Worth, L. T. Scott, M. D. Gelmont, D. Olevano, B. V. Issendorff, Nature, 60, 407 (2000). [8]J. Luo, L. M. Peng, Z. Q. Xue, J. L. Wu, J. Chem. Phys, 120, 7998 (2004). [9]Z. Chen, T. Heine, H. Jiao, A. Hirsch, W. Thiel, P. v. R. Schleyer, Chem. Eur. J. , 10, 963 (2004). [10]J. Taylor, H. Guo, J. Wang, Phys. Rev. B 63, 121104 (2001). [11]D. Zeng, H. Wang, B. Wang, J. G. Hou, Appl. Phys. Lett, 77, 3595 (2000). [12]C. Zhanga, W. Sun, Z. Caob, J. Chem. Physics, 126, 144306 (2007). [13]M. Z. Kassaee, F. Buazar, M. Koohi, Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM, 940, 19 (2010). [14]R. Ghiasi, M. Z. Fashami, J. Theo.Comput. Chem (2014). [15]M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, G. Scalman, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, G. A. Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, M. Caricato, X. Li, H. P. Hratchian, A. F. Izmaylov, J. Bloino, G. Zheng, J. L. Sonnenberg, M. Hada, M. Ehara, K. Toyota, R. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa, M. Ishida, T. Nakajima, Y. 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The Role of Women in The Stone Diaries Essay -- Stone Diaries Essays

The Role of Women in The Stone Diaries  Ã‚  Ã‚      Gender inequities have existed since the beginning of time.   The various roles assigned to men and women in society have served to perpetuate differences that even until the present have not been overcome.   These gender differences are evident in The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields.   Initially the main character, Daisy Goodwill, is a pathetic, weak woman whose only joy comes from appreciating the small things in life.   After a series of personal events, she changes dramatically and becomes a stronger individual.   Daisy’s continual need for self-reliance is fulfilled by the changing society around her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Daisy’s initial character is anything but extraordinary.   She is ordinary in every way except her birth.   Neither of her parents knows her mother is pregnant.   Her mother dies in childbirth, leaving Daisy to find her place in society without her mother’s example.   Daisy grows up in a normal home, with guardians and basically lives a normal life.   Daisy’s moderate intelligence affects her both positively and negatively.   Daisy has certain fundamental needs, which sadly go unnoticed by those around her and even sometimes by herself.   Her appreciation of the small pleasures in life is attributed to her ordinariness.   As critic Geraldine Sherman points out, â€Å"Shields demonstrates there are no small lives, no lives out of which significance does not shine.   She makes us aware that banality, ultimately, is in the eye of the beholder† (47).   Her view of the beauty of nature and her cur iosity towards people in general portray this.   On the other hand, Daisy’s average intelligence causes her inability to express herself.   Her conversations with her mother-in-law to be, Mrs.Hoad, ... ...ne.† The Spectator, September 4, 1993: 28 – 29. Rpt. In Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Bringham Narins and Deborah A. Stanley.   Vol. 91 Detroit: Gale Research, 1996. 167-168.     Fitzgerald, Penelope. Rev. of The Stone Diaries, by Carol Shields. The London Review of Books September. 1993: 19-22.     Pool, Gail. â€Å"Imagination’s Invisible Ink.† in Women’s Review of Books, Vol.XI, No.8, May, 1994: 20. Discovering Authors The Gale Group, 2000. Available via http://www.galenet.com/servlet/GLD/hhits?c†¦d&o=DataType&n=10
=d&NA=shields%2C+Carol. (28 march 2000).      Sherman, Geraldine. â€Å"Straining to Fulfill Ambitions.† The Globe and Mail 2 October.1993, natl.ed.: Cl+      Shields, Carol. The Stone Diaries. New York.: Penguin Books USA Inc. 1994.            Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚                       Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     

Food Safety and Food Borne Diseases Essays -- Exploratory Essays

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), food borne diseases cause an estimated 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths in the United States each year. For many students, college is the first time many of you ever had to think about buying your own food or cooking for yourselves. As a result, many students are not educated in proper food safety precautions which can prevent many of these food borne diseases. Storing your food in the proper conditions is the first step in proper food safety. For meat, fish, and poultry, it is best to keep them in the coldest part of your refrigerator, which in most cases is in the drawers or the back of the bottom shelf. Storing meats on the top shelf may be more likely to leak and contaminate other foods that may be underneath. As a general rule of thumb, fresh poultry, seafood, and ground or chopped meat can be refrigerated for one to two days before cooking. Fresh red meat, cooked poultry, and meat leftovers can be refrigerated for three to five days, and lunch meats for three to seven day...

Cell Phone Use while Driving Essay -- safety control, accidents

For many years Safety Control has determined to ban the use of cell phones while driving within the community. American society would be much safer if cell phones were banned while driving. Benefits of cell phone use during roadside emergencies, car trouble, obtain personal information, or even navigation; however, it may lead to running red lights, drifting across lanes, or worse, causing accidents. Phones can do so many things, but most importantly they allow you to connect to emergency service. Its mot needed during roadside emergencies such as ambulance, police and firefighters. Studies have shown that the use of cell phones in emergencies situations, such as calling for ambulance, has improved its mortality rates. (Journal of Emergency Medicine 1) An example of this would be seeing an accident ahead of you and pulling over to call for ambulance service. Also if one sees a confrontation that might become deadly, a cell phone would definitely help. There are so many reasons for cell phones being needed while driving such as, you can also contact the firefighter station in case of a fire. Having a cell phone would be beneficial in case of a car break down. An example of a car break downs would be running low on gas, engine overheating, transmission failure or a blow out. All of that sounds terrible, but thanks to cell phones people can now call for roadside assistance. Roadside assistance for example would be calling a tow truck o take you to the nearest auto mechanic or a transmission shop or simply needing assistance in changing a tire. In addition to their benefits to using a cell phone on the road, Matt Sundeen reports that drivers with cell phones place an estimated 98,000 emergency calls each day and that the cell phone ... ... pass a law that bans this practice. Regardless of whether the phone is hand-held or hands-free, there is a lot of strong information and evidence that the actual task of conversing on a cell phone distracts drivers on concentrating on safety. For examples, drifting into another lane, and running red lights are reasons why the government needs to pass a law. People caught texting or using a cell phone while driving should lose their licenses for one year. Works Cited Austin, Michael. Texting While Driving: How Dangerous Is It? Car and Driver. June 2009: Magazine. Richtel, Matt. Drivers and Legislators Dismiss Cell phone Risks. 18 July 2009. Web. 10 January 2014. Snyder, Edgar. Texting and Cell Phone Use Statistics. 2012. Web. 22 January 2014 Wilms, Todd. Its Time For ‘Parental Control, No Texting While Driving’ Phone. 18 September 2012. Web. 14 January 2014.

Limited Brands Financial Analysis

Limited Brands, Inc. , like many other companies, saw a downturn in profits and revenues during the economic slowdown. Limited Brands owns companies such as Victoria’s Secret, The Limited, Bath and Body Works and others. Chairperson and CEO Leslie Wexner did not fear the economic crisis, she did not focus on things that were out of her control, but instead, focused on getting even closer to the customer. Wexner (2010) stated, â€Å"we had to be frugal with resources, time and money†¦we streamlined the business, stayed lean and quick and concentrated all our efforts on the few things that produce the biggest returns. While there was a decline between 2009 and 2010, Wexner’s efforts paid off, as Limited Brands has seen an increase in profit margin during the 2010 year. Analyzing the notes in the income statement gives a better understanding of how Limited Brands is operating. Limited Brands fiscal year ends on the last Saturday of January each year. On January 31, 2 009, the cash and cash equivalents were $1. 17 million. On January 30, 2010, cash and cash equivalents were $1. 8 million. According to the notes, cash and cash equivalents consist of â€Å"cash on hand, demand deposits with financial institutions and highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than 90 days† (Limited Brands, 2010). The notes also state, â€Å"The companies outstanding checks, which amounted to $76 million as of January 30, 2010 and $86 million as of January first 2009, are included in Accounts Payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheets† (Limited Brands, 2010). Limited Brands continues to disclose the nature of their investment portfolio, which currently consists of â€Å"U. S. and Canadian government obligations, U. S. Treasury and AAA-rated money market funds, bank time deposits, and highly rated commercial paper† (Limited Brands, 2010). Accounts Receivables 2009 were $236 million compared to 2010’s receivables balance of $219 million. Limited Brands not only monitors the use and creditworthiness of individuals and businesses, when extending credit, but also limits the amount of credit exposure with any one entity when requesting credit. Inventories in 2009 were valued at $1. 18 million and declined to just $1. 03 million in 2010. For Limited Brands, inventories are primarily valued at the lower cost or market, on a weighted-average cost basis. Valuation adjustments are made at the discretion of management if the cost of inventory on hand, exceeds the amount expected to receive from sale or disposal of the inventory. Management bases the decision to adjust value based on future demand and market conditions, while also taking into consideration and analyzing historical sales data. Inventory Loss adjustments are also made for estimated physical loss of inventory since the last physical inventory. Managers will also take into consideration operating trends and historical data when making these adjustments. As of January 30, 2010, inventories consisted of: Finished Goods Merchandise$ 973 million Raw Materials and Merchandise Components$ 64 million Total Inventories$1,037 million Limited Brands discloses in the Restructuring section: In 2007 they recognized a pre-tax charge of $19 million related to excess raw material and component inventory with Bath and Body Works. The cost was included in Cost of Goods Sold, buying and occupancy in the 2007 Consolidated Statement of Income. Gross Profits for 2009 were $3. 02 million versus $3 million in 2008.

Martha J. Coston Essay

Martha Coston was born in Baltimore in the year of 1826. She was left with four children to take care of after the death of her husband. This happened when she was only 21. Even though her husband was now gone she was determined to make money so she could raise her precious children. She then came up with the idea to signal flare on her dead husband notebook. Although the plans didn’t work she was still determined to find a successful way to make signal flare work. After some attempts she finally discovered that she could use phyrotechnice to make it. The green, red, and white flares worked so well that the navy bought them from her for $20,000 they even awarded Martha the contract to make them with. After the run in with the money she had just received her flares served as the bass of a system of communication that helped save lives and win battles during the civil war. So even after the war, Martha continued to improve her invention that has helped continuesly through out wars and such. The flares she had created became so popular that they sold in very many places. Such as France, Italy, Denmark, the Netherlands and Haiti. The system of bright, long-lasting signal flares revolutionized naval communication and continues to be in use. Coston’s invention saved many lives. The effectiveness of Pyrotechnic Night Signals attracted the U.S. Navy and till now these devices are still used. Later on her son Benjamin got a bad fever and died at age 26. Martha’s life was then full of tragedies, her infant son had died and her mother also died. Even after all these tragic moments, she got money for her flares and saved the lives of millions people.